Recent Developments in the Analysis of Avermectin and Milbemycin Residues in Food Safety and the Environment

Abstract

A review of the developments on the analysis of residues of avermectins and milbemycins (both macrocyclic lactones) is presented. The macrocyclic lactones (MLs) are an important class of chemicals, which are used worldwide as veterinary drugs and as crop protection agents. As a result, residues of MLs are important from both a food safety and environmental perspective. A review of the developments in ML residues in food was carried out in detail in 2006. As a result, this paper covers recent developments in the area of food analysis, which are mainly multi-residue assays based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A brief coverage of HPLC fluorescence (HPLC-FLD) based methods is included for completeness. The paper will carry out a comprehensive review of ML residues in environmental samples. These additional sections are reflective of the growing number of research papers published on LC-MS/MS and environmental applications in recent years.

Abamectin induces apoptosis and autophagy by inhibiting reactive oxygen species‐mediated PI3K/AKT signaling in MGC803 cells

“…One of these pairs, abamectin (ABA) (also referred to as avermectin B1, AVM), a mixture of avermectin B1a (>80%) and B1b (<20%), is one of the most widely used compounds in agriculture . However, a large number of studies show that the excessive application of ABA leads to an increase in ABA residues in crops . Besides this, ABA also persists in water, soil, sediment, and food products.…”

Control of Residues of Five Macrocyclic Lactones in Cow Milk By Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection

“…The methodology available for the determination of macrocyclic lactone residues in biological matrices has been reviewed by Danaher et al in 2006 (7) and again in 2012 (10). From a number of multiresidue methods for the determination of residues of macrocyclic lactones in animal tissues or products of animal origin, which have been published (1,8,16,17), only a few are applicable in the analysis of milk samples (3,18).…”

Distribuição de resíduos de ivermectina e eprinomectina em diferentes tecidos bovinos e em produtos cárneos enlatados termicamente processados

“…Posteriormente, um número de drogas foi desenvolvido como alternativa para ivermectina, incluindo abamectina, doramectina e moxidectina, que é uma milbemicina. Mais recentemente, verificou-se o desenvolvimento de drogas para aplicações especializadas, tais como emamectina, para o controle de piolhos do mar em salmão e eprinomectina para o controle de parasitas em gado leiteiro (DANAHER et al, 2012).…”

“…Dentre os vermífugos, o grupo das avermectinas, que são lactonas macrocíclicas (LM), é o mais amplamente utilizado em todo o mundo, sendo a ivermectina a mais conhecida e utilizada entre elas devido ao seu amplo espectro de atividade, alta eficiência e elevada margem de segurança. Posteriormente, várias drogas passaram a ser desenvolvidas como alternativa à ivermectina, como por exemplo, a eprinomectina (DANAHER et al, 2012), que surgiu de um esforço para encontrar um membro da classe das avermectinas que pudesse ser usado em todo tipo de gado, em qualquer estágio de produção, com eficácia e segurança, especialmente no que diz respeito à resíduos no leite (SHOOP et al, 1996).…”