Recent Developments in Fluorometric and Colorimetric Chemodosimeters Targeted towards Hydrazine Sensing: Present Success and Future Possibilities

Abstract

Recently, the design, synthesis and development of chemodosimeters for hydrazine with high selectivity and sensitivity has attracted tremendous attention due to its major contributions to human health and disease including applications in various platforms. In this review, we recapitulate different strategies for the design of reaction‐based colorimetric and fluorometric probes for the detection of hydrazine and their applications in hydrazine sensing in living systems. The sensing strategies for hydrazine have been divided into six categories: (a) cleavage of the acetoxy group; (b) the nucleophilic addition‐elimination on keto ester; (c) the nucleophilic substitution‐elimination to tandem cyclization on halo‐ester; (d) the nucleophilic addition reaction to phthalimide derivative to phthalhydrazide; (e) the chemical displacement of active methylene compound to hydrazone derivative and (f) Other different approaches. Additionally, a variety of techniques have been devised here for the detection of hydrazine over other comparable ions and neutral amines.

Thin Polymeric Films for Real-Time Colorimetric Detection of Hydrazine Vapor with Parts-per-Million Sensitivity

“…Consequently, a large number of chemosensors have been used to monitor hydrazine in solution. These sensors can be divided into two groups on the basis of their different reaction mechanisms: (i) cleavage-based probes, such as vinyl malononitrile and nitrobenzoic ester, and (ii) addition-based probes, such as ketones, aldehydes, and their many derivatives. , Hydrazine detection has mainly involved fluorophore probes based on small molecules, as has been summarized in several recent reviews . However, colorimetric probes can achieve superior performance compared with these systems because of their capacity to allow for naked-eye detection. , …”

Near-Infrared-Emitting Probes for Detection of Nanomolar Hydrazine in a Complete Aqueous Medium with Real-Time Application in Bioimaging and Vapor-Phase Hydrazine Detection

“…These include mass spectroscopic analysis, electrochemical techniques, and spectroscopic analysis (colorimetric/fluorometric). − Spectroscopic techniques to detect analytes are favored due to their simplicity in operation, economical approach, excellent sensitivity and selectivity, on-time information, and suitability for biological and environmental applications. − Over the past decades, efforts have been directed to develop new chemosensors derived from discrete fluorophores with good sensitivity and selectivity to a particular analyte. Some recent reviews summarize hydrazine detection methods and their operational mechanisms. , In fluorescence imaging, NIR-emitting probes can be potential tools in monitoring analytes present in physiological/biological systems. , Fluorescent probes with emission in the NIR range (650–900 nm) have received much attention for their bioimaging and photodynamic therapy applications. These probes possess a multitude of advantages such as high-resolution fluorescence images with less autofluorescence from biomolecules and deeper tissue penetration with minimum photodamage to the living cells.…”

“…Some recent reviews summarize hydrazine detection methods and their operational mechanisms. 23,24 In fluorescence imaging, NIR-emitting probes can be potential tools in monitoring analytes present in physiological/biological systems. 25,26 Fluorescent probes with emission in the NIR range (650−900 nm) have received much attention for their bioimaging and photodynamic therapy applications.…”

A sensitive and selective fluorescent probe for hydrazine with a unique nonaromatic fluorophore

“…The past decade has witnessed the thriving of uorescent probes for hydrazine detection, and the design strategies as well as applications of various uorescent probes have been extensively reviewed recently. 15,16 Generally, recognition site and uorophore are two requisites for a reaction-based small molecule uorescent probe, the former primarily determines the selectivity of the probe, and the latter determines the optical properties of the probe, such as the excitation/emission wavelength, Stokes shi, quantum yield, and sensitivity. It is noticeable that even attachment of the same recognition site to different uorophores can result in distinctive differences in the overall behavior of the probes.…”