Recent Developments in Flexible Transparent Electrode

Wang, Tingting; Lu, Kuankuan; Xu, Zhuohui; Lin, Zimian; Ning, Honglong; Qiu, Tian; Zhao, Yang; Zheng, Huaili; Yao, Rihui; Peng, Junbiao

doi:10.3390/cryst11050511

Cited by 40 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…[ 1–3 ] As the essential and crucial components for all the flexible/wearable electronics, flexible transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) directly determine their optoelectronic properties, stability, lifetime, cost, etc. [ 4–7 ] Due to its superior electrical conductivity ( R sheet , 10–15 Ω □ −1 ) and optical transmittance ( T 550 nm , 85–90%), indium tin oxide (ITO), the most popular doped metal‐oxide to date, has dominated the commercial market of TCEs for decades. [ 8 ] However, the intrinsic brittleness and rigidity of ITO renders it impractical for real‐life flexible electronics applications, which should withstand various mechanical deformation (e.g., folding, bending, and twisting).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In‐Depth Investigation of Inkjet‐Printed Silver Electrodes over Large‐Area: Ink Recipe, Flow, and Solidification

Chen

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Inter

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Due to its superior electrical conductivity (R sheet , 10-15 Ω □ −1 ) and optical transmittance (T 550 nm , 85-90%), indium tin oxide (ITO), the most popular doped metaloxide to date, has dominated the commercial market of TCEs for decades. [8] However, the intrinsic brittleness and rigidity of ITO renders it impractical for real-life flexible electronics applications, which should withstand various mechanical deformation (e.g., folding, bending, and twisting). [9,10] In addition, the industrial ITO deposition process (evaporation or sputtering) generally requires high temperature and vacuum, making it massive processing loss, big energy consuming, and less cost-competitive compared to the printing techniques. [11,12] Various ITO alternatives have been explored to design innovative TCEs, such as graphene, [13][14][15] conducting polymers, [16][17][18] carbon nanotubes, [19][20][21] metal mesh, [22][23][24][25] metal nanowires, [26][27][28] and the hybrid structures. [29,30] Among them, metal mesh appears as a remarkable candidate for its excellent conductivity-optical transmittance trade-off and performance-cost trade-off. [31] Both the optical transmittance and sheet resistance can be easily tailored by varying the line-width, pitch, geometry, and thickness, to meet the requirements of its application. [32] Moreover, the metal-mesh technique is one of the most pragmatic approaches to realize stable electrical conductivities transcend scales and dimensions, which is paramount for flexible electronics applications. [33] All those excellent performances enable the metal mesh to stand out among the other ITO-alternatives.Inkjet printing exhibits obvious advantages for the metal mesh flexible TCEs fabrication. [34,35] It is a non-contact additive manufacturing with accurate deposition, averting the complicated peel-off and multiple transfer procedures. It is also mask-less, with easily changeable digital print patterns. Additionally, inkjet printing is compatible with roll-to-roll processing, with the virtue of low material consumption, low cost, and simple setup. Those advantages of inkjet printing render it rather attractive and pivotal for the metal mesh flexible TCEs in realizing large-scale and high-volume fabrication required by the industrial production protocol. [36,37] However, several essential problems must be solved to enable the widespread use of inkjet-printed metal mesh flexible TCEs. On one hand, the conductive ink formulation for inkjet-jetting with uniform droplet ejection needs to be explored. [38,39] To our knowledge, a specific ink property window is required during the inkjet Inkjet-printed flexible transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) have attracted much recent interest in realizing large-scale and high-volume fabrication required by the industrial production protocol. In this paper, an in-depth investigation and optimization of template-less inkjet printing for the metal meshes based TCEs are presented. The general principle of conductive ink formulation for inkjet printing, the droplet co...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In‐Depth Investigation of Inkjet‐Printed Silver Electrodes over Large‐Area: Ink Recipe, Flow, and Solidification

Chen

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Inter

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“…The new approach to creating heterostructures using two-dimensional (2D) atomic flakes, including the utilization of the printed technologies, led to exciting physical phenomena and the development of novel devices [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. The composite layers created from the materials used for electronics modify their properties and expand their possible applications, including flexible electronics [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Here, we show that such composite layers can be used for low-cost and scalable printing technologies of the device fabrication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene: Hexagonal Boron Nitride Composite Films with Low-Resistance for Flexible Electronics

et al. 2022

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The structure and electric properties of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN):graphene composite with additives of the conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS and ethylene glycol were examined. The graphene and h-BN flakes synthesized in plasma with nanometer sizes were used for experiments. It was found that the addition of more than 10−3 mass% of PEDOT:PSS to the graphene suspension or h-BN:graphene composite in combination with ethylene glycol leads to a strong decrease (4–5 orders of magnitude, in our case) in the resistance of the films created from these suspensions. This is caused by an increase in the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS due to the interaction with ethylene glycol and synergetic effect on the composite properties of h-BN:graphene films. The addition of PEDOT:PSS to the h-BN:graphene composite leads to the correction of the bonds between nanoparticles and a weak change in the resistance under the tensile strain caused by the sample bending. A more pronounced flexibility of the composite films with tree components is demonstrated. The self-organization effects for graphene flakes and polar h-BN flakes lead to the formation of micrometer sized plates in drops and uniform-in-size nanoparticles in inks. The ratio of the components in the composite was found for the observed strong hysteresis and a negative differential resistance. Generally, PEDOT:PSS and ethylene glycol composite films are promising for their application as electrodes or active elements for logic and signal processing.

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“…Until now, indium tin oxide (ITO) has been the most commonly used material for transparent electrodes [ 4 ]. However, ITO production is limited by the shortage of indium resources in the world and its high cost [ 5 ]. Furthermore, the fabrication process of transparent ITO films requires high processing temperatures of over 300 °C, which is not appropriate for many applications [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The molecular structure of a SWCNT is constructed by sp 2 hybridized carbon in the form of rolled-up graphene sheet. Depending on the diameter and chiral vector, SWCNTs can have metallic, semimetallic or semiconducting properties [ 5 , 7 , 8 ]. Their high value of mobility (~10,000 cm 2 /Vs −1 ) [ 7 ], low resistivity [ 7 , 8 ], high current-carrying capacities (~109 A/cm 2 ) [ 7 , 9 , 10 ], high thermal conductivity (~3500 W/mK), ballistic transport and high point of stress fracture (~50 GPa) are some of the reasons why SWCNTs have a very wide field of application [ 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Study of the Chemistry behind the Stability of Carboxylic SWCNT Dispersions in the Development of a Transparent Electrode

et al. 2022

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Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are well-known for their excellent electrical conductivity. One promising application for SWCNT-based thin films is as transparent electrodes for uncooled mid-IR detectors (MIR). In this paper, a combination of computational and experimental studies were performed to understand the chemistry behind the stability of carboxylic SWCNTs (SWCNTs-COOH) dispersions in different solvents. A computational study based on the density functional tight-binding (DFTB) method was applied to understand the interactions of COOH-functionalized carbon nanotubes with selected solvents. Attention was focused on understanding how the protonation of COOH groups influences the binding energies between SWCNTs and different solvents. Thin film electrodes were prepared by alternately depositing PEI and SWCNT-COOH on soda lime glass substrates. To prepare a stable SWCNT dispersion, different solvents were tested, such as deionized (DI) water, ethanol and acetone. The SWCNT-COOH dispersion stability was tested in different solvents. Samples were prepared to study the relationship between the number of depositions, transparency in the MIR range (2.5–5 µm) and conductivity, looking for the optimal thickness that would satisfy the application. The MIR transparency of the electrode was reduced by 20% for the thickest SWCNT layers, whereas sheet resistance values were reduced to 150–200 kΩ/sq.

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Recent Developments in Flexible Transparent Electrode

Cited by 40 publications

References 160 publications

In‐Depth Investigation of Inkjet‐Printed Silver Electrodes over Large‐Area: Ink Recipe, Flow, and Solidification

In‐Depth Investigation of Inkjet‐Printed Silver Electrodes over Large‐Area: Ink Recipe, Flow, and Solidification

Graphene: Hexagonal Boron Nitride Composite Films with Low-Resistance for Flexible Electronics

Comprehensive Study of the Chemistry behind the Stability of Carboxylic SWCNT Dispersions in the Development of a Transparent Electrode

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