“…The labile ferrous ion in Uf r has been replaced by other divalent metal ions such as Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn (20,28,31,32), with retention of phosphatase activity. The ferric ion has been replaced by analogues such as Al III and Ga III to generate catalytically active enzymes, whereas the In III analogue was inactive (33 (35). Typically, the protein is immobilized within a thin film coated onto the working electrode surface where heterogeneous electron transfer may take place without diffusion control.…”