Recent developments in electrode materials for water electrolysis

Suffredini, Hugo B.; Cerne, J.L; Crnkovic, F.C; Machado, Sérgio Antônio Spínola; Avaca, Luís Alberto

doi:10.1016/s0360-3199(99)00049-x

Cited by 117 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The overpotential η CB can be assumed to be fixed, since the density of the light-generated electrons and hence the reaction rates are very low compared to electrolyzers [9]. Therefore, the only way to increase E F is to decrease the band bending E BB and the difference E CF between E CB and E F , respectively.…”

Section: Theoreticalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light Intensity Influence on Strontium Titanate Based Photo- Electrochemical Cells

Hertkorn¹

2017

Ceramics - Silikaty

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The influence of light intensity on photo-electrochemical cells (PECs) consisting of an n-type strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ) photoanode and nickel cathode in potassium hydroxide electrolyte is studied. The band levels of an electrolyte-metalsemiconductor-electrolyte system are presented and the effect of different light intensities on the energy levels is investigated. Photocurrent density, quantum efficiency, and open circuit potential measurements are performed on the processed PECs under different light intensities (375 nm). It is demonstrated that a threshold value of the light intensity has to be reached inorder to obtain positive photo activity and that beyond this value the performance remains nearly constant.

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Section: Theoreticalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light Intensity Influence on Strontium Titanate Based Photo- Electrochemical Cells

Hertkorn¹

2017

Ceramics - Silikaty

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“…[10][11][12][13] In addition, modifications of the BDD surface have been employed for a number of specific applications. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Thus, Duo et al 14 have studied the deposition of small quantities of IrO 2 clusters on the BDD surface by a thermal decomposition technique and observed that the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) was dramatically enhanced with the surface modification. De Battisti et al 15 have reported Sol-Gel modifications of the BDD surface with RuO 2 and IrO 2 and used chlorine evolution as a model reaction to evaluated the effect of RuO 2 modification on BDD films.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, Mattos-Costa et al 26 have constructed Ti/Ru x Ir 1-x O 2 electrodes to be used as anodes under extreme conditions and Suffredini et al 27 have prepared NiCo 2 O 4 coatings on Ni using the Sol-Gel method to produce an efficient material for oxygen evolution in alkaline media. Several other authors have prepared Sol-Gel films of Ga-Zn oxide 28 as well as tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTEOS)-based films 29 were prepared to be used as oxygen sensors while, for the first time, modified carbon powder electrodes were recently produced by the Sol-Gel method to be used as anodes in direct methanol fuel cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

AFM studies and electrochemical characterization of boron-doped diamond surfaces modified with metal oxides by the Sol-Gel method

Suffredini¹,

Salazar‐Banda²,

Okamura³

et al. 2006

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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Com o objetivo de aprofundar investigações anteriores, foram realizadas modificações superficiais diretas em eletrodos de diamante dopados com boro (DDB), com óxidos metálicos (PtO x , RuO 2 , IrO 2 e PbO 2 ) e com alguns compósitos mistos, utilizando a técnica Sol-Gel. Estes materiais foram estudados por microscopia de força atômica (MFA) e os resultados indicaram a formação de sítios de deposição heterogênea. Técnicas eletroquímicas foram utilizadas para estabelecer a atividade catalítica para a reação de desprendimento de oxigênio (RDO) e para reação de oxidação de etanol em meio ácido utilizando os compósitos de PtO x e PtO x -RuO 2 . Testou-se ainda a estabilidade de um depósito de PtO x , recoberto por um filme de Nafion ® , por meio de operação contínua de longa duração. Estudos de voltametria cíclica comparativa mostraram que a área superficial ativa dos novos materiais mudou consideravelmente com o método de modificação proposto. O eletrodo de IrO 2 /BDD mostrou o melhor desempenho para a RDO, iniciando o processo de oxidação em ~ 1.4 V vs. HESS, valor este 200 mV menor do que o observado sobre um eletrodo de PtO x /BDD. Foi observada uma pequena perda da atividade do eletrodo de PtO x /BDD (6%) depois de realizada eletrólise de 4 horas, enquanto que 1000 ciclos voltamétricos deixaram a superfície praticamente inalterada. Os estudos realizados mostram que as atividades satisfatórias dos eletrodos preparados pelo método Sol-Gel podem constituir ferramentas interessantes de pesquisa, visando principalmente a utilização destes materiais em aplicações práticas.Continuing previous investigations, direct surface modifications of boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes with metal oxides (PtO x , RuO 2 , IrO 2 and PbO 2 ) and with some mixed composites were carried out by the Sol-Gel technique. The materials were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) to determine their surface topologies and by electrochemical techniques to establish the catalytic activity towards the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and also, for the PtO x and PtO xRuO 2 composites, the ethanol oxidation reactions in acid media. The stability of PtO x coating covered by a Nafion ® film was also tested by long-term operation. The AFM results indicated sites of heterogeneous deposition and the electrochemical studies demonstrated that the active surface area changed considerably with the proposed method of modification. The IrO 2 /BDD electrode showed the best performance to the OER with the onset of the oxidation current at ~1.4 V, a value 200 mV lower than for the PtO x /BDD electrode. The enhanced stability of PtO x /BDD electrodes achieved by the application of a Nafion ® film and already reported in acid media was further proved using the ethanol oxidation reaction. Only a small loss of activity (6%) was observed after 4-hours electrolysis while one-thousand voltammetric cycles left the surface practically unchanged. In addition, preliminary studies for the same reaction on PtO x /BDD and PtO x -RuO 2 / BDD electrodes demonstrated the excell...

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“…7). According to Suffredini et al 8 , zero emission has been reported by hydrogen which is produced by the renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy after being used in fuel cells for electrical power generation.A solar photovoltaic (SPV) panel generates electrical energy from the sunlight incident on it. A typical SPV panel generates output voltage up to 30 V direct current (DC).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Cost Renewable Hydrogen Production Using Solar Photovoltaic Panel

Sonwani

Прасад

2016

Current Science

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The present work focuses on the use of two coaxial polyvinylchloride (PVC) pipes for the fabrication of an electrolyser. Fine perforations in the lower part of the inner pipe were made for easy movement of ions via electrolytic material between the electrodes. The two electrodes (anodes and cathodes) were kept in the outer and inner pipes respectively. A photovoltaic panel was directly connected to the electrolyser to measure the performance of the electrolyser system at normal room temperature and pressure with 27 wt% potassium hydroxide solution. Water displacement burette flow meter was used for measurement of flow rates of the produced hydrogen and oxygen. The effects of various operating parameters on hydrogen production, variation in open circuit voltage and short circuit current produced by the photovoltaic cell with solar intensity in the daytime and their effect on H 2 flow rate, and utilization of this hydrogen gas in the hydrogen gas stove need to be studied further. The work concludes with an innovative design to prepare a simple and cheap alkaline electrolyser to produce hydrogen gas using solar energy from the photovoltaic panel that can be used in remote areas for cooking purposes.Keywords: Electrolyser, hydrogen, renewable energy, solar photovoltaic panel. PROBLEMS of energy crisis and pollutant emission cause serious social concerns, which challenge the traditional energy utilization patterns. There is a need to overcome the problem of non-renewable energy resources by increasing the use of renewable energy resources in order to facilitate development of the society. According to Demirbas 1 , about 98% of CO 2 emissions results from fossil fuel combustion, and 30-40% of the world CO 2 emissions is generated by coal combustion among all fossil fuels.The sun is the ultimate energy source on the earth system and hydrogen production from solar energy is considered to be one of the solutions for sustainable energy 2,3 . Hydrogen as an energy carrier is favoured worldwide due to its highest energy content with the lower heating value at 52,000 BTU lb -1 (33.6 kWh kg -1 ) (ref. It only requires 1.23 V of energy for dissociation of one molecule of water to hydrogen and oxygen. Energy content of hydrogen ranges from 33 to 39 kWh kg -1 , whereas the reported energy content of gasoline is about 36 kWh per gallon. A small-scale electrolyser unit can produce about 2.5 kg of hydrogen in a day, whereas larger units have an output of about 25 kg (ref. 7). According to Suffredini et al. 8 , zero emission has been reported by hydrogen which is produced by the renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy after being used in fuel cells for electrical power generation.A solar photovoltaic (SPV) panel generates electrical energy from the sunlight incident on it. A typical SPV panel generates output voltage up to 30 V direct current (DC). The conventional power control cannot work below 6 V and hence charging of the battery is restricted to the SPV panel output range 6-30 V. In the market, price of SPV panel...

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Recent developments in electrode materials for water electrolysis

Cited by 117 publications

References 22 publications

Light Intensity Influence on Strontium Titanate Based Photo- Electrochemical Cells

Light Intensity Influence on Strontium Titanate Based Photo- Electrochemical Cells

AFM studies and electrochemical characterization of boron-doped diamond surfaces modified with metal oxides by the Sol-Gel method

Low-Cost Renewable Hydrogen Production Using Solar Photovoltaic Panel

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