Crop residue burning (CRB) over northern India is a major air quality and human health issue. The present study assesses the impact of PM 10 , PM 2.5 , NO 2 and SO 2 , emitted during CRB activities in Haryana on the air quality of Delhi. The transition from pre-burning to burning period, in both rabi and kharif seasons, shows considerable increase in pollutant concentrations. PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations exceeded NAAQS limits by 2–3 times, while NO 2 and SO 2 stayed within the limits. MODIS fire observations used to estimate CRB fire counts (confidence ≥80%) shows that rabi (burning period) fires in Haryana are ~3 times higher and more intense than in kharif. Furthermore, backward trajectories shows air mass movement from Haryana, Punjab and Pakistan. Thus, pollutants emitted reach Delhi via air masses, deteriorating its air quality. Meteorological conditions influence pollutant concentrations during both seasons. Frequent dust storms in rabi, and Dusshera and Diwali firework celebrations in kharif season exacerbate air pollution. In rabi, PM 10 and PM 2.5 have a significant negative association with (relative humidity) RH and positive association with (air temperature) AT. High AT during pre-monsoon, accompanied by low RH, loosens up soil particles and they can easily disperse. Stronger winds in rabi season promote NO 2 and SO 2 dispersion. In kharif, lower AT, higher RH and slower winds exist. Both PM 10 and PM 2.5 have a negative association with AT and (wind speed) WS. With lower temperature and slower winds during winter, pollutants are trapped within the boundary layer and are unable to disperse. As expected, NO 2 has a significant negative association with AT in Haryana. However, in case of Delhi, the association is significant but positive, and could be due to the odd-even scheme imposed by the Delhi government. More research is needed to determine the health effects of Haryana's rabi CRB activities on Delhi.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are receiving an increasing attention from many scientific communities due to their strong influence on human health. NPs are an important marker of air pollution caused by a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources. Due to their ultrafine size, they can be suspended in the atmosphere for a long time and can thus travel larger distances and cause several health issues after exposure. A variety of NPs that are found in indoor and outdoor settings cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Exposure to NPs through active and passive smoking and household and occupational subjection is reported with thick septum, shortness of breath, and a high level of interleukin protein and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) that cause tumour generation in the exposed population. This comprehensive review summarises NPs' source, exposure, and impact on different organ systems. Respiratory models (experimental and computational) used to determine the particle's deposition, airflow transport, and health impact are also discussed. Further, muco-ciliary escalation and macrophage activity, the body's clearance mechanisms after exposure to NPs, have been mentioned. An in-depth analysis of exposure to NPs through inhalation and their health impact has been provided with detailed insights about oxidative stress, inflammation, genotoxicity, and tumourigenicity. Overall, this review offers scientific evidence and background for researchers working in the field of epidemiology, biochemistry, and toxicological studies with reference to atmospheric nanoparticles.

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