“…Much of the focus of this research has been on the effects of such technology inclusion on the market and on competition, including concerns about patent holdup, royalty stacking, and ambush or patent blocking (see, e.g., Lemley and Shapiro, 2007;Bessen, 2004;Farrell et al, 2007;Lindsay, 2012;Geradin et al, 2008;Sidak, 2009;Lerner and Tirole, 2015; and a 2014 article also by Josh Lerner and Jean Tirole in Science). The societal and policy relevance of this phenomenon is reflected in recent studies by the US National Academies of Science (Maskus and Merrill, 2013), reports by the Federal Trade Commission (e.g., FTC, 2011), studies conducted for the European Commission (e.g., Blind, 2011;, investigations by the European competition authorities (Buehler et al, 2014), and publications of standards-setting organizations (SSOs) themselves (e.g., ITU, 2014). The competition and antitrust concerns related to essential patents are also summarized in a recent special issue of the Antitrust Bulletin (see Besen and Levinson, 2012) and in a book published by the American Bar Association on the antitrust aspects of standards setting (Kobayashi and Wright, 2010).…”