Recent development and challenges of multifunctional structural supercapacitors for automotive industries

Abstract

Summary In the last decades, fuel scarcity and increasing pollution level pave the way for an extensive interest in alternatives to petroleum‐based fuels such as biodiesel, solar cells, lithium ion batteries, and supercapacitors. Among them, structural supercapacitors have been considered as promising candidates for automotive industries in present time. Herein, the use of carbon fiber‐based supercapacitors in automotive applications is reviewed. Carbon fiber is an excellent candidate for vehicle body applications, and its composites could be widely used in the development of supercapacitors that could provide both structural and energy storage functions. Different surface modification processes of the carbon fiber electrode to enhance the electrochemical as well as mechanical performances are discussed. The advantages of the glass fiber separator and its comparison with other types of dielectric media have been incorporated. The synthesis procedures of the multifunctional solid polymer electrolyte and its significance have been also elaborated. The fabrication process, component selection, limitations, and future challenges of these supercapacitors are briefly assimilated in this review. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

High‐performance activated carbons for electrochemical double layer capacitors: Effects of morphology and porous structures

“…The significant differences in the morphologies between the ACs prepared with and without the precarbonization can be explained from the mechanism of the KOH activation. There are three widely accepted mechanisms controlling the KOH activation 45 : (a) the chemical etching of the carbon framework by activating reagents of various potassium compounds, as given in Equations (1) to (3), which is responsible for the pore network; (b) the H 2 O and CO 2 activation during the HTS processing (Equations (4) to (5)), contributing to the further development of the pores, as illustrated in Equations (6) to (7) 46 ; and (c) the intercalating of metallic K in carbon lattices, leading to the expansion of the carbon lattices, as given in Equations (7) and (8)…”

“…There is a great need to develop “green” materials and technologies for the energy storage due to the demand of sustainable energy, the lack of fossil fuels, and the environmental concerns. Supercapacitors (SCs), possessing outstanding performance of high power, fast charge/discharge rates, and long‐term stability, have potential applications in electronics, electric vehicles, etc, which need high‐power pulses …”

“…Supercapacitors (SCs), possessing outstanding performance of high power, fast charge/ discharge rates, and long-term stability, 1-3 have potential applications in electronics, electric vehicles, etc, which need high-power pulses. [4][5][6][7] Generally, SCs are divided into two categories; one, referred to as electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), is based on the accumulation of electrolyte ions near the surface of electrode materials in the form of electrical double layer (EDL), 8,9 and the other one, referred to as pseudocapacitor, involves "reversible" Faradic reaction 10 and is mainly based on either metal oxides [11][12][13] or conductive polymers. [14][15][16][17][18] Recently, there has been great interest in pseudo-capacitors due to their relatively higher Faradic capacitances than EDLCs.…”

Hydrogen ion supercapacitor cell construction and rational design of cell structure

“…Supercapacitors and secondary cells are regarded as promising candidates for energy storage and conversion devices. Interesting results have already been published for supercapacitors, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] lithiumion secondary batteries, [16][17][18][19][20][21] and sodium-ion secondary batteries. 22 Hybrid supercapacitors, however, merge the boundary between the supercapacitors and secondary batteries and possess several advantages over them, including high energy density, high power density, fast charge and discharge speed, and long cycle life.…”

Recent advancements in metal organic framework based electrodes for supercapacitors

“…Their unique properties, including high power density, fast charge/discharge rate, long cycle life and environmental friendliness, make supercapacitors attractive devices for a variety of applications in energy storage such as electronic communications, the emergent electric transportation industry and aerospace [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10].…”