Recent applications of mass spectrometry in forensic toxicology

Foltz, Rodger L.

doi:10.1016/0168-1176(92)85064-7

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Furthermore, the method was applied to real specimens (whole blood, urine, oral fluid, scalp hair, and finger nail) of 20 male cocaine abusers to determine the relative concentrations of cocaine and its metabolites in conventional and alternative specimens. Concerning sample preparation procedures for cocaine analysis, solid-phase extraction is the most used procedure ,− ,− ,− due to better sample cleanup, less amounts of organic solvents used, low matrix effect, and greater recovery as compared to liquid–liquid extraction methods. Furthermore, SPE is more easily automated and provides a greater sample throughput.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The immunoassay methods possessed substantial cross-reactivity, whereas HPLC methods did not provide necessary sensitivity/specificity for detection of cocaine metabolites. Therefore, gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS) was used by researchers − combined with derivatization to quantitate cocaine/metabolites in complex matrices. Although GC-MS had both selectivity and sensitivity, derivatization is laborious and expensive and poses a safety risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SPE-UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS Analysis of Cocaine and Its Metabolites in Conventional and Alternative Biological Specimens: Application to Real Samples

Makhdoom,

Afzal,

Sultana

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

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An increase in cocaine abuse has been observed globally since the past decade. Cocaine is among the commonly abused stimulants used for recreational purposes. In this study, the SPE-UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated to be applied on real specimens of 20 chronic cocaine abusers to quantify cocaine/metabolites in conventional as well as alternative biological matrices. Cocaine was extracted from biological specimens using solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Poroshell120EC-18 column (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 2.7 μm particle size) using water–acetonitrile in 0.1% formic acid as a mobile phase in gradient elution mode. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 0.5 mL/min with a gradient varying the percentage of acetonitrile linearity ranging 15–95% in 6.0 min acquisition time, and the injection volume was set at 5 μL. Positive electrospray ionization with multireaction ion monitoring mode using two ion transitions for cocaine/metabolites and one for cocaine-d3 was employed. The quantification method demonstrated good linear ranges of 0.025–250 ng/mL in blood, urine, and oral fluid (ng/mg for hair and nail) with a ≥0.991% determination coefficient. The detection limit and lower quantification limit were 0.005 and 0.025 ng/mL in all matrices, respectively. The mean extraction recovery and ionization suppression ranged from 89.3 to 99.8% and −4.6 to −14.4% in the studied matrices. Within-run and between-days precisions were 1.8–7.2% and 1.9–6.1%, respectively. This study will not only help in quantifying cocaine/metabolites in alternative specimens (hair, nail, and oral fluid) but also guide clinical and forensic toxicologists in interpretation of exhumation cases. Furthermore, multiple specimens’ analyses can be of significance in estimating the time/manner of drug exposure, in confirming the results of laboratories in cases of doubtful clinical histories, or in aiding medico-legal investigations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SPE-UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS Analysis of Cocaine and Its Metabolites in Conventional and Alternative Biological Specimens: Application to Real Samples

Makhdoom,

Afzal,

Sultana

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

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“…Some of the drugs in routine analysis include opiates, cocaine, marihuana, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and amphetamines. However, cases of murders or death due to poisoning and drug overdose are also the prime targets for these drug candidates' analysis [38].…”

Section: Forensic Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Mass Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

Baghel¹,

Singh²,

Singh³

et al. 2017

Spectroscopic Analyses - Developments and Applications

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Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful analytical tool with many applications in pharmaceutical and biomedical field. The increase in sensitivity and resolution of the instrument has opened new dimensions in analysis of pharmaceuticals and complex metabolites of biological systems. Compared with other techniques, mass spectroscopy is only the technique for molecular weight determination, through which we can predict the molecular formula. It is based on the conversion of the sample into ionized state, with or without fragmentation which are then identified by their mass-to-charge ratios (m/e). Mass spectroscopy provides rich elemental information, which is an important asset to interpret complex mixture components. Thus, it is an important tool for structure elucidation of unknown compounds. Mass spectroscopy also helps in quantitative elemental analysis, that is, the intensity of a mass spectra signal is directly proportional to the percentage of corresponding element. It is also a noninvasive tool that permits in vivo studies in humans. Recent research has looked into the possible applications of mass spectrometers in biomedical field. It is also used as a sensitive detector for chromatographic techniques like LC-MS, GC-MS and LC/MS/MS. These recent hyphenated technological developments of the technique have significantly improved its applicability in pharmaceutical and biomedical analyses.

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“…Since sample material is limited in most forensic cases, a simultaneous GC/MS analysis for several different drugs using only small amounts of sample is desirable. Instead, several methods are commonly used [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10], each of which is specific for only one or two classes of drugs. Combinations of solid phase extraction (SPE) and derivatisation methods for GC/MS analysis for opiates [9,10], opiates, cocaine and cocaine metabolites [2,3] have been described.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated solid-phase extraction and two-step derivatisation for simultaneous analysis of basic illicit drugs in serum by GC/MS

Weinmann¹,

Renz²,

Vogt³

et al. 2000

International Journal of Legal Medicine

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A combination of automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) and subsequent two-step derivatisation has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of basic drugs of abuse and cocaine metabolites in serum samples. Substances included in this procedure are morphine, codeine, methadone, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, methylecgonine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, MDEA and MDA. SPE with mixed-mode cartridges (RP-C8 and cation-exchange) was fully automated with a Zymark RapidTrace SPE robot. GC/MS analysis was performed after derivatisation with a new two-step reaction by trifluoroacetic anhydride and 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanol. High recoveries (> 85%) with high reproducibility (CV 1.1-3.8%) were found for all drugs. High correlation coefficients (r > 0.998) were obtained due to the addition of deuterated standards prior to extraction. Experience obtained over 2 years of applying this method to drug analysis in serum is discussed.

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Recent applications of mass spectrometry in forensic toxicology

Cited by 11 publications

References 80 publications

SPE-UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS Analysis of Cocaine and Its Metabolites in Conventional and Alternative Biological Specimens: Application to Real Samples

SPE-UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS Analysis of Cocaine and Its Metabolites in Conventional and Alternative Biological Specimens: Application to Real Samples

Application of Mass Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

Automated solid-phase extraction and two-step derivatisation for simultaneous analysis of basic illicit drugs in serum by GC/MS

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