Recent advances to overcome the burden of <i>Japanese encephalitis</i>: A zoonotic infection with problematic early detection

Pinapati, Kishore Kumar; Tandon, Reetika; Tripathi, Parul

doi:10.1002/rmv.2383

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 170 publications

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“…In addition to genotype V, the other four JEV genotypes have been detected and reported [14]. JEV genotypes I and III infections tend to be more prevalent in JEV-infected humans than other genotypes [33], including cases in tropical areas of Southeast Asia [34]. Further studies are required to assess which JEV genotype is dominant and related to human cases in the Bali area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seroconversion, genotyping, and potential mosquito vector identification of Japanese encephalitis virus in pig sentinel settings in Bali, Indonesia

Kardena,

Adi,

Astawa

et al. 2024

Vet World

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Background and Aim: Despite the endemicity of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in humans and animals in the Province of Bali, Indonesia, there is little data on whether seroconversion to the virus occurs in pigs, JEV genotypes circulating, and it’s potential mosquito vectors in the area. The aims of this study were to (i) Determine whether JEV infection in Balinese pigs occurs before reaching their sexual maturity, (ii) identify the genotypes of circulating JEV, and (iii) identify potential JEV mosquito vectors at the study sites in urban and peri-urban areas of Bali. Materials and Methods: Sixteen 1-week-old Landrace piglets from two different sows were housed in Denpasar. Similarly, 18 one-week-old mixed-breed piglets of two different sows were housed in Badung Regency. The piglets were bled every 1 to 4 weeks for up to 24 weeks. Serum samples from the 11 piglets were tested for antibodies against JEV, and seroconversion-suspected sera were titrated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood of seroconverted sera from pigs were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the genetic sequence of JEV. The mosquitoes in the sentinels were trapped throughout the study period to identify the potential mosquito vectors of JEV. Results: Antibodies were detected in most of the selected piglets’ sera from weeks 1 to 24 of their age. However, sera of pig B9 collected from the sentinel setting in Badung Regency showed a four-fold increase in antibody titer from week 4 to week 8, indicating seroconversion. PCR testing of blood from B9 (pooled blood sample collected from week 5 to week 8) identified JEV nucleic acids, which were phylogenetically classified as belonging to the JEV genotype III. Meanwhile, 1271 of two genera of mosquitoes, Anopheles spp. and Culex spp. were trapped in the pig sentinels. Conclusion: JEV seroconversion likely occurs before the pig reaches sexual maturity in Badung Regency. Sequence data indicate that JEV genotype III is circulating in the pig sentinel setting in the regency; however, circulating genotypes need to be clarified through increased surveillance. Meanwhile, Culex spp. and most likely Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles spp. were the dominant mosquitoes present in the study sites set in the urban area of Denpasar and peri-urban areas of Badung, Bali, indicating that these are likely vectors in spread of JEV in the region. Keywords: genotyping, Japanese encephalitis virus, pig sentinel setting, potential mosquito vectors, seroconversion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and 258 were Culex spp. identified as C. quinquefasciatus (148), C. vishnui (62), C. fuscocephala (34), C. tritaeniorhynchus (8), and C. pseudovishnui (6) (Figure -5).…”

Section: Mosquito Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroconversion, genotyping, and potential mosquito vector identification of Japanese encephalitis virus in pig sentinel settings in Bali, Indonesia

Kardena,

Adi,

Astawa

et al. 2024

Vet World

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“…Mortality for patients who develop encephalitis due to Japanese encephalitis is 20%-30% and neurologic and psychiatric sequelae are common. Good clinical outcomes being more common in adults than children [40]. Treatment for encephalitis caused by JE is supportive with no antiviral treatment available.…”

Section: West Nile Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral meningitis and encephalitis: an update

Gundamraj

Hasbun

2023

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

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Purpose of reviewThe most common infectious etiologies of meningitis and encephalitis are viruses. In this review, we will discuss current epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the most common causes of viral meningitis and encephalitis worldwide. Recent findingsViral meningitis and encephalitis are increasingly diagnosed as molecular diagnostic techniques and serologies have become more readily available worldwide but recent progress in novel antiviral therapies remains limited. Emerging and re-emerging viruses that have caused endemic or worldwide outbreaks or epidemics are arboviruses (e.g., West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, Tick borne encephalitis, Dengue, Zika, Toscana), enteroviruses (e.g., Enterovirus 71, Enterovirus D68), Parechoviruses, respiratory viruses [e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), influenza, metapneumoviruses, measles, mumps], and herpes viruses [e.g., herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, human herpes (HV) 6, varicella zoster virus (VZV)]. Future efforts should concentrate in increasing availability for those viruses with effective vaccination [e.g., Japanese encephalitis, Tick borne encephalitis, varicella zoster viruses, SARS-CoV-2, influenza], prompt initiation of those with encephalitis with treatable viruses (e.g., HSV-1, VZV), increasing the diagnostic yield by using novel techniques such as metagenomic sequencing and avoiding unnecessary antibiotics in those with viral meningitis or encephalitis.

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Japanese Encephalitis: Emergence in Australia

McGuinness

Muhi

Britton

et al. 2023

Curr Infect Dis Rep

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Purpose of Review Recent changes in Japanese encephalitis (JE) distribution, including its emergence in mainland Australia, call for a review of the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of this important disease. Recent Findings Climate change, urbanisation and changes in vector ecology have driven changes in JE epidemiology including expansion to new areas. Residents of and travellers to endemic areas face potential exposure risks. Surveillance gaps and diagnostic challenges lead to under-appreciation of the true disease burden. Treatment is supportive, but modern vaccines are safe and efficacious. Summary The recent emergence of JE in south-eastern Australia highlights its changing epidemiology and the threat this disease poses to other areas with largely naive human populations and with competent mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts. Awareness of disease features and diagnostic approaches is critical to case detection in travellers and endemic populations, and preventive measures including vaccination should be advised for those with exposure risk.

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Recent advances to overcome the burden of Japanese encephalitis: A zoonotic infection with problematic early detection

Cited by 5 publications

References 170 publications

Seroconversion, genotyping, and potential mosquito vector identification of Japanese encephalitis virus in pig sentinel settings in Bali, Indonesia

Seroconversion, genotyping, and potential mosquito vector identification of Japanese encephalitis virus in pig sentinel settings in Bali, Indonesia

Viral meningitis and encephalitis: an update

Japanese Encephalitis: Emergence in Australia

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