Viral meningitis and encephalitis: an update

Gundamraj, Vaishnavi; Hasbun, Rodrigo

doi:10.1097/qco.0000000000000922

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…HSV-1 infection is also the cause of herpetic stromal keratitis, which can lead to corneal blindness [70]. Additionally, immunocompromised individuals and neonates can experience herpetic encephalitis, an often fatal infection of the brain [71,72].…”

Section: Cutaneous Infection By Hsv-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

T Cell Surveillance during Cutaneous Viral Infections

Pei,

Hickman

2024

Viruses

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The skin is a complex tissue that provides a strong physical barrier against invading pathogens. Despite this, many viruses can access the skin and successfully replicate in either the epidermal keratinocytes or dermal immune cells. In this review, we provide an overview of the antiviral T cell biology responding to cutaneous viral infections and how these responses differ depending on the cellular targets of infection. Much of our mechanistic understanding of T cell surveillance of cutaneous infection has been gained from murine models of poxvirus and herpesvirus infection. However, we also discuss other viral infections, including flaviviruses and papillomaviruses, in which the cutaneous T cell response has been less extensively studied. In addition to the mechanisms of successful T cell control of cutaneous viral infection, we highlight knowledge gaps and future directions with possible impact on human health.

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Section: Cutaneous Infection By Hsv-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

T Cell Surveillance during Cutaneous Viral Infections

Pei,

Hickman

2024

Viruses

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“…These include acute flaccid myelitis (AFM, a paralyzing illness), myocarditis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and neonatal sepsis [ 8 ]. NPEV infections are also responsible for more than 50% of aseptic meningitis cases [ 9 ]. It is important to note that some complications of enterovirus infections may not be evident until years after the initial infection.…”

Section: Enterovirusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteroviruses: epidemic potential, challenges and opportunities with vaccines

Jartti,

Flodström-Tullberg,

Hankaniemi

2024

J Biomed Sci

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Enteroviruses (EVs) are the most prevalent viruses in humans. EVs can cause a range of acute symptoms, from mild common colds to severe systemic infections such as meningitis, myocarditis, and flaccid paralysis. They can also lead to chronic diseases such as cardiomyopathy. Although more than 280 human EV serotypes exist, only four serotypes have licenced vaccines. No antiviral drugs are available to treat EV infections, and global surveillance of EVs has not been effectively coordinated. Therefore, poliovirus still circulates, and there have been alarming epidemics of non-polio enteroviruses. Thus, there is a pressing need for coordinated preparedness efforts against EVs.This review provides a perspective on recent enterovirus outbreaks and global poliovirus eradication efforts with continuous vaccine development initiatives. It also provides insights into the challenges and opportunities in EV vaccine development. Given that traditional whole-virus vaccine technologies are not suitable for many clinically relevant EVs and considering the ongoing risk of enterovirus outbreaks and the potential for new emerging pathogenic strains, the need for new effective and adaptable enterovirus vaccines is emphasized.This review also explores the difficulties in translating promising vaccine candidates for clinical use and summarizes information from published literature and clinical trial databases focusing on existing enterovirus vaccines, ongoing clinical trials, the obstacles faced in vaccine development as well as the emergence of new vaccine technologies. Overall, this review contributes to the understanding of enterovirus vaccines, their role in public health, and their significance as a tool for future preparedness.

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“…The arachnoid mater regulates CSF exchange to the glymphatic system to be drained, while the pia mater regulates interstitial fluid-CSF exchange. Inflammation and infection of the leptomeninges can disrupt both the flow and clearance of the CSF [ 237 , 238 ] and can lead to hydrocephalus in addition to the development of meningitis [ 239 , 240 ]. Leptomeninges are productively infected by JCPyV in vitro [ 160 , 178 , 241 ] and in vivo [ 177 , 178 , 241 ], leading to JCPyV meningitis without the symptoms of PML.…”

Section: What Brain Cells Are Infected By Neurotrophic Polyomaviruses...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyomavirus Wakes Up and Chooses Neurovirulence

Butic,

Spencer,

Shaheen

et al. 2023

Viruses

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JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a human-specific polyomavirus that establishes a silent lifelong infection in multiple peripheral organs, predominantly those of the urinary tract, of immunocompetent individuals. In immunocompromised settings, however, JCPyV can infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS), where it causes several encephalopathies of high morbidity and mortality. JCPyV-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a devastating demyelinating brain disease, was an AIDS-defining illness before antiretroviral therapy that has “reemerged” as a complication of immunomodulating and chemotherapeutic agents. No effective anti-polyomavirus therapeutics are currently available. How depressed immune status sets the stage for JCPyV resurgence in the urinary tract, how the virus evades pre-existing antiviral antibodies to become viremic, and where/how it enters the CNS are incompletely understood. Addressing these questions requires a tractable animal model of JCPyV CNS infection. Although no animal model can replicate all aspects of any human disease, mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) in mice and JCPyV in humans share key features of peripheral and CNS infection and antiviral immunity. In this review, we discuss the evidence suggesting how JCPyV migrates from the periphery to the CNS, innate and adaptive immune responses to polyomavirus infection, and how the MuPyV-mouse model provides insights into the pathogenesis of JCPyV CNS disease.

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Viral meningitis and encephalitis: an update

Cited by 20 publications

References 65 publications

T Cell Surveillance during Cutaneous Viral Infections

T Cell Surveillance during Cutaneous Viral Infections

Enteroviruses: epidemic potential, challenges and opportunities with vaccines

Polyomavirus Wakes Up and Chooses Neurovirulence

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