Recent Advances of Nanotechnology in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Triple- Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC)

Abstract

Background: The development of advanced treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the utmost need of an era. TNBC is recognized as the most aggressive, metastatic cancer and the leading cause of mortality in females worldwide. The lack of expression of triple receptors namely, estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal receptor2 defined TNBC. Objective: The current review introduced the novel biomarkers such as miRNA and family, PD1, EGFR, VEGF, TILs, P53, AR and PI3K, etc. contributed significantly to the prognosis and diagnosis of TNBC. Once diagnosed the utilization advanced approaches available for TNBC because of the limitations of chemotherapy. Novel approaches include lipid-based (liposomes, SLN, NLC, and SNEDDS), polymer-based (micelle, nanoparticles, dendrimers, and quantum dots), advanced nanocarriers such as (exosomes, antibody and peptide-drug conjugates), carbon-based nanocarriers (Carbon nanotubes, and graphene oxide). Lipid-based delivery is used for excellent carriers for hydrophobic drugs, biocompatibility, and lesser systemic toxicities than chemotherapeutic agents. Polymer-based approaches are preferred over lipids for providing longer circulation time, nanosize, high loading efficiency, high linking; avoiding the expulsion of drugs, targeted action, diagnostic and biosensing abilities. Advanced approaches like exosomes, conjugated moieties are preferred over polymeric for possessing potency, high penetrability, biomarkers, and avoiding the toxicity of tissues. Carbon-based gained wide applicability for their unique properties like a versatile carrier, prognostic, diagnostic, sensing, photodynamic, and photothermal characteristics. Conclusion: The survival rate can be increased by utilizing several kinds of biomarkers. The advanced approaches can also be significantly useful in the prognosis and theranostic of triple-negative breast cancer. One of the biggest successes in treating with nanotechnology-based approaches is the marked reduction of systemic toxicity with high therapeutic effectiveness compared with chemotherapy, surgery, etc. The requirements such as prompt diagnosis, longer circulation time, high efficiency, and high potency, can be fulfilled with these nanocarriers.

Theranostics for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

“…Lipid-based approaches have been spotlighted due to its hydrophobic characteristics with higher stability and biocompatibility [52]. Liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are widely investigated for delivering therapeutic agents to the cancer site.…”

Insights on prospects of nano-siRNA based approaches in treatment of Cancer

“…Prostate, lung, colon, bronchi, urinary bladder, and rectum cancers affect the majority of males. The breast, lungs, colon, bronchi, rectum, thyroid, and urinary corpus are the most frequent cancer sites in women ( Hassanpour and Dehghani, 2017 ; Kanugo et al, 2022 ). Cancer is a significant target for RNA interferences (RNAi)-based therapeutic approaches, but the major contest in cancer rehabilitation is identifying and targeting the metastatic cells, that has been spreading from the original tumor.…”

Calcium Phosphorus Nanoparticles Coloaded with Paclitaxel and ADAM‐10‐siRNA for the Treatment of Triple Negative Breast Cancer

“…Chemotherapy is still one of the main treatment strategy and the most used drug for TNBC [6]. PTX is the first-line drug for the clinical treatment of breast cancer [7,8].…”