Recent Advances in the Diagnosis of Classical Swine Fever and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious viral disease of pigs, including wild boar. It is regarded as one of the major problems in the pig industry as it is still endemic in many regions of the world and has the potential to cause devastating epidemics, particularly in countries free of the disease. Rapid and reliable diagnosis is of utmost importance in the control of CSF. Since clinical presentations of CSF are highly variable and may be confused with other viral diseases in pigs, laboratory diagnosis is indispensable for an unambiguous diagnosis. On an international level, well-established diagnostic tests of CSF such as virus isolation, fluorescent antibody test (FAT), antigen capture antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), virus neutralization test (VNT), and antibody ELISA have been described in detail in the OIE Terrestrial Manual. However, improved CSF diagnostic methods or alternatives based on modern technologies have been developed in recent years. This review thus presents recent advances in the diagnosis of CSF and future perspectives.

Of pigs and men: the best-laid plans for prevention and control of swine fevers

“…Subunit vaccines based on CSFV structural protein E2 have been marketed since the 1990s and newer versions of E2 subunit vaccines have also been now manufactured and marketed by different companies in Asia ( Blome, et al, 2017 ; Gong, et al, 2019 ). One of the distinct advantages of E2 subunit vaccines is their intrinsic capability of differentiating vaccinated from infected animals in which infected pigs would produce antibodies against other CSFV structural proteins such as E rns ( Madera et al, 2016 ; Wang et al, 2020 ).…”

“…The only drawback of this vaccine is that it is difficult to differentiate pigs vaccinated with C-strain from pigs infected with field strains of CSFV. This shortcoming may be overcome soon because a C-strain CSFV E rns -specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) has been recently generated by our group ( Wang et al, 2020 ). A cELISA is being developed to differentiate pigs vaccinated with the C-strain vaccine from pigs infected with wild-type CSFV or unvaccinated pigs, based on the observation that the latter two groups of pigs do not produce antibodies that can compete with this C-strain E rns -specific mAb.…”

Natural oil blend formulation as an anti-African swine fever virus agent in in vitro primary porcine alveolar macrophage culture

“…A formulation was developed by blending three natural oils, Eucalyptus globulus, Pinus sylvestris, and Lavandula latifolia, with antiviral properties. Cineole, the significant component of eucalyptus oil, has potent anti-inflammatory and Available at www.veterinaryworld.org/Vol.14/March-2021/34.pdf anti-microbial properties [12]. Cineole is well known to treat the respiratory tract's primary viral infections [13,14].…”

Assessing the Protective Dose of a Candidate DIVA Vaccine against Classical Swine Fever

“…Diagnosis of CSFV infection can be performed by PCR on organ or blood samples during the acute phase of the infection, or via the detection of antibodies by ELISA or virus neutralization assay. Commercially available CSF ELISAs detect antibodies against either the E2 or E RNS structural glycoprotein [ 6 ]. Although antibodies against E RNS may appear a few days before E2 antibodies, E2 ELISAs are of much higher sensitivity after convalescence.…”