Recent advances in the application of nanocatalysts in C‐N coupling reactions

Abstract

The development of various methodologies for the formation of carbon‐nitrogen bonds is one of the valuable tasks in the field of organic synthesis because the final products are extensively utilized in pharmaceuticals, biologically active compounds, and natural products. The utilization of nanosized metal catalysts with high surface energy, large surface‐to‐volume ratio, excellent thermal stability, and reactive morphology in C‐N cross‐coupling reactions has received considerable attention, in recent years. The excellent catalytic performance, the high yield of products, carrying out the reactions under relatively mild and ligand‐free conditions, and less toxicity to the environment, recoverability, and reusability of catalysts for several times without a remarkable degradation in activity are advantages of these nanocatalysts. This review intends to summarize the latest progress in the fabrication of nanocatalysts and their applications in the construction of carbon‐nitrogen bonds via cross‐coupling reactions. Abundant nanocatalysts based on metal and metal oxide nanoparticles/complexes including copper, palladium, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, zirconium, and zinc have successfully been applied in these reactions. Various aspects of the reactions, different strategies of fabrication of nanocatalysts, and their recyclability have been surveyed. Literature has been investigated from 2015 to 2021.

A review on electrocatalytic CO2 conversion via C–C and C–N coupling

“…As the amount of CO 2 accessible to the electrode is limited by the CO 2 solubility in aqueous solution at ambient conditions, the maximum CO 2 reduction current density is normally tens of mA cm −2 due to the mass transfer issue. [24][25][26] High-pressure conditions in H-type cells can drastically increase the solubility of CO 2 , leading to enhancing CO 2 reduction and suppressing hydrogen evolution. Li et al 27 have designed a highpressure batch cell for CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR), a Cu 2 O nanoparticle (NP) afforded up to 98% Faradaic efficiency (FE) for formate generation under ≥45 atm CO 2 in bicarbonate catholytes.…”

Synthetic strategies of heterocycle-integrated pyridopyrimidine scaffolds supported by nano-catalysts

“…Consequently, nano-catalysts recently are being widely applied for the construction of compounds with a pyrimidine skeleton. [140][141][142][143][144] Thus, consideration should be given to the productivity of the nano-catalyst relative to other catalysts, and the preparation of nanocatalysts at a lower cost. On the other hand, the ease of nanocatalyst preparation, and its separation from the reaction mixture to be recycled should be considered.…”

Classical and ultrasonic preparation of new dendrimer–Copper nanocomposites: Application in the catalytic reduction, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities

“…Their incredible physicochemical properties allow them to be very frequently used in various applications such as drug delivery, 31 antimicrobial activity, 32 dye adsorption, 33 heavy metals removal, 34 catalysis, 35 and many others. The particularity of having the same reactive function on the surface, and interesting functions inside, allows good impregnation of these polymers in different supports 36 or to be functionalized by reinforcements such as metallic oxides or metallic nanoparticles in the dendrimer in order to create a nanocomposite with improved properties 37,38 …”

“…The particularity of having the same reactive function on the surface, and interesting functions inside, allows good impregnation of these polymers in different supports 36 or to be functionalized by reinforcements such as metallic oxides or metallic nanoparticles in the dendrimer in order to create a nanocomposite with improved properties. 37,38 One of the most important parameters to consider before preparing a nanocomposite is the preparation method. Indeed, the preparation method plays a very important role in the size and dispersion of the metallic nanoparticles in the matrix and in its photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity.…”