Recent advances in the analysis of polysialic acid from complex biological systems

Guo, Xinwen; Elkashef, Sara M.; Loadman, Paul M.; Patterson, Laurence H.; Falconer, Robert A.

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115145

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 105 publications

(176 reference statements)

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“…However, antibodies against sialic acid are normally generated from carbohydrate antigens, and are usually immunoglobulin M (IgM) with low binding affinity. Antibodies only exhibited better affinity for polysialic acid with long-chain polymer [110]. Thus, antibodies are not widely used for detecting sialic acids [115].…”

Section: Sialic Acids Detection Through Bio-affinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detection methods have been established for quantification of sialic acids, including colorimetric assay [99], fluorometric assay [100,101], high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [102,103], fluorescence [104][105][106], and mass spectrometry (MS) [107][108][109]. Among those methods, HPLC and MS are widely used [110,111]. Free sialic acids are easy to detect using the above methods but the polysialic acid and the sialic acids bound on glycoconjugates need to be released by acid hydrolysis or neuraminidase.…”

Section: Sialic Acids Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biological Functions and Analytical Strategies of Sialic Acids in Tumor

Zhou

Yang

Guan

2020

Cells

119

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Sialic acids, a subset of nine carbon acidic sugars, often exist as the terminal sugars of glycans on either glycoproteins or glycolipids on the cell surface. Sialic acids play important roles in many physiological and pathological processes via carbohydrate-protein interactions, including cell–cell communication, bacterial and viral infections. In particular, hypersialylation in tumors, as well as their roles in tumor growth and metastasis, have been widely described. Recent studies have indicated that the aberrant sialylation is a vital way for tumor cells to escape immune surveillance and keep malignance. In this article, we outline the present state of knowledge on the metabolic pathway of human sialic acids, the function of hypersialylation in tumors, as well as the recent labeling and analytical techniques for sialic acids. It is expected to offer a brief introduction of sialic acid metabolism and provide advanced analytical strategies in sialic acid studies.

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Section: Sialic Acids Detection Through Bio-affinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sialic Acids Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Functions and Analytical Strategies of Sialic Acids in Tumor

Zhou

Yang

Guan

2020

Cells

119

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“…In vertebrates, α-(2,8)-linked polySia is found as a terminal posttranslational modification on the surface of glycoproteins, e.g., the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) [5][6][7]. Thereby, the molecule acts as a chemical messenger modulating cell-cell interaction and cell-molecule recognition processes [8,9]. Additionally, polySia has been ascribed important roles in neural development and cell differentiation [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the Structural Integrity and Stability of Polysialic Acid during Alkaline and Thermal Treatment

et al. 2019

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Polysialic acid (polySia) is a linear homopolymer of varying chain lengths that exists mostly on the outer cell membrane surface of certain bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) K1. PolySia, with an average degree of polymerization of 20 (polySia avDP20), possesses material properties that can be used for therapeutic applications to treat inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases. The fermentation of E. coli K1 enables the large-scale production of endogenous long-chain polySia (DP ≈ 130) (LC polySia), from which polySia avDP20 can be manufactured using thermal hydrolysis. To ensure adequate biopharmaceutical quality of the product, the removal of byproducts and contaminants, such as endotoxins, is essential. Recent studies have revealed that the long-term incubation in alkaline sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions reduces the endotoxin content down to 3 EU (endotoxin units) per mg, which is in the range of pharmaceutical applications. In this study, we analyzed interferences in the intramolecular structure of polySia caused by harsh NaOH treatment or thermal hydrolysis. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy revealed that neither the incubation in an alkaline solution nor the thermal hydrolysis induced any chemical modification. In addition, HPLC analysis with a preceding 1,2-diamino-4,5-methylenedioxybenzene (DMB) derivatization demonstrated that the alkaline treatment did not induce any hydrolytic effects to reduce the maximum polymer length and that the controlled thermal hydrolysis reduced the maximum chain length effectively, while cost-effective incubation in alkaline solutions had no adverse effects on LC polySia. Therefore, both methods guarantee the production of high-purity, low-molecular-weight polySia without alterations in the structure, which is a prerequisite for the submission of a marketing authorization application as a medicinal product. However, a specific synthesis of low-molecular-weight polySia with defined chain lengths is only possible to a limited extent.

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“…A remarkable difference between α2,8-linked polySia chains found in mammals and salmonid fish seems to be the structural diversity of polySia in fish [58][59][60]. Whereas in mammals, homopolymers of Neu5Ac residues are typically formed [61], in rainbow trout eggs, polymers can consist of Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc, and KDN in addition to their O-acetylated forms [62]. One explanation could be a better accessibility to different sialic acids in fish, because, in transgenic mice-showing a Neu5Gc overexpression in brain-besides Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc also seems to be utilized to build polySia [63].…”

Section: Molecular Evolution Of the Poly-α28-sialyltransferasesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Vertebrate Alpha2,8-Sialyltransferases (ST8Sia): A Teleost Perspective

Venuto

Decloquement

Ribera

et al. 2020

IJMS

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We identified and analyzed α2,8-sialyltransferases sequences among 71 ray-finned fish species to provide the first comprehensive view of the Teleost ST8Sia repertoire. This repertoire expanded over the course of Vertebrate evolution and was primarily shaped by the whole genome events R1 and R2, but not by the Teleost-specific R3. We showed that duplicated st8sia genes like st8sia7, st8sia8, and st8sia9 have disappeared from Tetrapods, whereas their orthologues were maintained in Teleosts. Furthermore, several fish species specific genome duplications account for the presence of multiple poly-α2,8-sialyltransferases in the Salmonidae (ST8Sia II-r1 and ST8Sia II-r2) and in Cyprinus carpio (ST8Sia IV-r1 and ST8Sia IV-r2). Paralogy and synteny analyses provided more relevant and solid information that enabled us to reconstruct the evolutionary history of st8sia genes in fish genomes. Our data also indicated that, while the mammalian ST8Sia family is comprised of six subfamilies forming di-, oligo-, or polymers of α2,8-linked sialic acids, the fish ST8Sia family, amounting to a total of 10 genes in fish, appears to be much more diverse and shows a patchy distribution among fish species. A focus on Salmonidae showed that (i) the two copies of st8sia2 genes have overall contrasted tissue-specific expressions, with noticeable changes when compared with human co-orthologue, and that (ii) st8sia4 is weakly expressed. Multiple sequence alignments enabled us to detect changes in the conserved polysialyltransferase domain (PSTD) of the fish sequences that could account for variable enzymatic activities. These data provide the bases for further functional studies using recombinant enzymes.

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Recent advances in the analysis of polysialic acid from complex biological systems

Cited by 23 publications

References 105 publications

Biological Functions and Analytical Strategies of Sialic Acids in Tumor

Biological Functions and Analytical Strategies of Sialic Acids in Tumor

Determination of the Structural Integrity and Stability of Polysialic Acid during Alkaline and Thermal Treatment

Vertebrate Alpha2,8-Sialyltransferases (ST8Sia): A Teleost Perspective

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