Recent advances in synthesis, properties, and applications of phosphorene

Akhtar, M. Shaheer; Anderson, Gaylord W.; Zhao, Rong; Alruqi, Adel; Mroczkowska, Joanna E.; Суманасекера, Гамини; Jasiński, Jacek B.

doi:10.1038/s41699-017-0007-5

Cited by 312 publications

(222 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…2,3 Exfoliated few-layer BP has been a focus of several studies and is promising for applications in electronics, optoelectronics, energy storage, gas sensing, catalysis and chemical/biosensing. [4][5][6][7][8][9] However, any practical implementation of BP is hampered by its susceptibility to ambient conditions. 10,11 The material degrades rapidly (within few hours to days depending on BP thickness) when exposed to the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of black phosphorus is contingent on UV–blue light exposure

et al. 2017

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Layered black phosphorous has recently emerged as a promising candidate for next generation nanoelectronic devices. However, the rapid ambient degradation of mechanically exfoliated black phosphorous poses challenges in its practical implementation in scalable devices. As photo-oxidation has been identified as the main cause of degradation, to-date, the strategies employed to protect black phosphorous have relied upon preventing its exposure to atmospheric oxygen. These strategies inhibit access to the material limiting its use. An understanding of the effect of individual wavelengths of the light spectrum can lead to alternatives that do not require the complete isolation of black phosphorous from ambient environment. Here, we determine the influence of discrete wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet to infrared on the degradation of black phosphorous. It is shown that the ultraviolet component of the spectrum is primarily responsible for the deterioration of black phosphorous in ambient conditions. Based on these results, new insights into the degradation mechanism have been generated which will enable the handling and operating of black phosphorous in standard fabrication laboratory environments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of black phosphorus is contingent on UV–blue light exposure

et al. 2017

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“…The amorphous phosphorus layer is deposited on desired substrates as silicon using vacuum evaporation in a direct-current plasma reactor in a controllable fashion. [8][9][10][11][12][13] Direct formation of the crystalline phosphorene flakes on desired substrates has always been a technological challenge. Direct transformation from red phosphorus to black can be achieved at a temperature of 300 C on desired substrates as silicon, although mica and glass can also be used.…”

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Evolution of Phosphorene Sheets through Direct Crystallization of Thin‐Film Red Phosphorus

Rajabali

Esfandiari

Asgharian

et al. 2019

Physica Rapid Research Ltrs

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A novel hydrogen plasma treatment to convert an amorphous phosphorus film deposited on silicon substrates into a thin crystalline layer is successfully developed. The amorphous phosphorus layer is deposited on desired substrates as silicon using vacuum evaporation in a direct-current plasma reactor in a controllable fashion. The formation of 2D phosphorene layers is based on the phase transition of a previously deposited amorphous film into the crystalline black phosphorus flakes. Direct transformation from red phosphorus to black can be achieved at a temperature of 300 C on desired substrates as silicon, although mica and glass can also be used. This allotrope transformation can be achieved without any high pressure or high temperature. Apart from hydrogen plasma treatment, ultraviolet (UV) exposure to see any possible improvement in the 2D layer formation is also used herein. Various characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy are used to study the crystallinity and morphology of the samples. In addition, the plasma-treated flakes are used to realize photodetectors which show excellent response to illuminating light. While the hydrogen plasma treatment leads to crystalline phosphorene sheets, the UV treatment results in granular and partially crystalline nanostructures.The world of 2D materials has witnessed a growing path to apply this appealing family in various applications including electronics, optoelectronics, bioelectronics, and sensing and energy devices. [1][2][3][4][5] Owing to its unique properties, phosphorene (few layers or monolayers of black phosphorus (BP)) has grasped the researchers' attention around the globe. [6,7] High-pressure and high-temperature procedures, sonication-based methods, and even phase transition using the presence of SnI 4 /Sn are the most common techniques used to realize few-or monolayer phosphorene through a complete phase transition from red phosphorus (RP) to its BP allotrope. Mechanical exfoliation of phosphorene flakes and their transfer to desired substrates is a main line of research for the fabrication of phosphorenebased electronic and optical devices. Owing to an unstable and sensitive nature of phosphorene, its successful transfer onto the target substrate is a challenge and requires extreme precautions to avoid extended exposure to air and humidity. [8][9][10][11][12][13] Direct formation of the crystalline phosphorene flakes on desired substrates has always been a technological challenge. Recently various bottom-up techniques have been demonstrated to realize 2D materials including phosphorene flakes. As reported, there is no successful fabrication of phosphorene by means of the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique or wet chemical methods. The most successful bottom-up method which has been introduced recently is pulsed laser deposition (PLD) which requires a bulk target. [14] Accordingly, the evolution of a bottom-up growth method, which does not nee...

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“…A possible new application for 2D semiconductors is simulated by Qiu et al, 2 showing that nanopores in 2D materials can be used to detect DNA methylation, a potential biomarker for early cancer detection. Wan et al3 present a new possible application for graphene in photodetectors for UV light while Akhtar et al 4 review recent advances related to phosphorene.I invite all my colleagues working on 2D materials to submit their most important results and reviews to our new journal. Our editorial team is composed of researchers active in the field, with a diverse and deep portfolio of expertise, and we are all committed to the future of this journal and the field it represents.…”

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“…3 present a new possible application for graphene in photodetectors for UV light while Akhtar et al 4 review recent advances related to phosphorene.…”

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Kis

2017

npj 2D Mater Appl

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The last decade has seen a rapid expansion in the research on 2D materials in the form of ultrathin sheets extracted from layered materials. It all started with the isolation of graphene, a single sheet of graphite in 2004. For a while, graphene was the only such 2D material under study due to some of its fantastic properties such as high charge carrier mobility and mechanical strength. Yet graphene did not have a band gap, resulting in graphene transistors that were difficult to turn off and limiting its applications in electronics. The realisation that high-quality electronic devices could be made with MoS 2 , a semiconducting 2D material from the transition metal dichalcogenide family opened the field to a wide variety of materials, such as MoS 2 , WSe 2 , NbSe 2 and others rediscovered in the form of 2D sheets. Their wide range of electronic properties, spanning the range from semiconducting to superconducting extended the library of 2D materials further together with other rising stars in the 2D fieldphosphorene and silicone being examples.Behind all the excitement for 2D materials are their potential applications, enabled by a combination of small thickness, usually high mechanical strength, reasonable carrier mobilities and the presence of a direct band gap in most semiconducting 2D materials. Some examples are in electronics and optoelectronics where small thickness and the presence of direct band gap allow the fabrication of low-power transistors, sensitive field-effect transistor-based biosensors and flexible electronic, and optoelectronic devices and systems. These promises have motivated largescale collaborations in Europe, China, the USA, and other countries.And yet, we have barely scratched the surface. Just in the family of transition metal dichalcogenides, there are around 40 stable materials. Adding layered oxides, monochalcogenides, trichalcogenides etc. quickly raises this number to several hundred, while theoretical predictions indicate that there could be over a thousand layered materials that could be thinned down to single sheets. Not only single materials are interesting: stacking them in vertical direction in different arrangements results in heterostructures with properties that are not seen in individual components. The sheer number of material combinations is mind-boggling and will keep us busy for decades to come.Exploring this vast landscape will require an interdisciplinary effort: theoretical modelling to identify interesting materials, and heterostructures and narrow down the choices; synthesis for making new materials a reality, basic research for discovering their intrinsic properties and engineering to turn them into useful concepts. To sustain this research effort over longer time periods and create a virtuous circle of funding, we also need to demonstrate and develop new applications of 2D materials. The initial work in the field was driven by the anticipated breakdown of Moore's law for silicon electronics as the feature size is decreased. Yet, as we learn more and more abo...

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Recent advances in synthesis, properties, and applications of phosphorene

Cited by 312 publications

References 137 publications

Degradation of black phosphorus is contingent on UV–blue light exposure

Degradation of black phosphorus is contingent on UV–blue light exposure

Evolution of Phosphorene Sheets through Direct Crystallization of Thin‐Film Red Phosphorus

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