Recent Advances in Scaffolding from Natural-Based Polymers for Volumetric Muscle Injury

Abstract

Volumetric Muscle Loss (VML) is associated with muscle loss function and often untreated and considered part of the natural sequelae of trauma. Various types of biomaterials with different physical and properties have been developed to treat VML. However, much work remains yet to be done before the scaffolds can pass from the bench to the bedside. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the latest developments in the construction and application of natural polymers-based tissue scaffolding for volumetric muscle injury. Here, the tissue engineering approaches for treating volumetric muscle loss injury are highlighted and recent advances in cell-based therapies using various sources of stem cells are elaborated in detail. An overview of different strategies of tissue scaffolding and their efficacy on skeletal muscle cells regeneration and migration are presented. Furthermore, the present paper discusses a wide range of natural polymers with a special focus on proteins and polysaccharides that are major components of the extracellular matrices. The natural polymers are biologically active and excellently promote cell adhesion and growth. These bio-characteristics justify natural polymers as one of the most attractive options for developing scaffolds for muscle cell regeneration.

Tissue Engineering Applied to Skeletal Muscle: Strategies and Perspectives

“…Furthermore, ESCs have the possibility of forming tumors after being implanted in the body. Because of the difficulties involving the use of embryonic stem cells, other stem cell populations are gaining prominence in studies about regenerative medicine [ 24 ].…”

“…When AFSCs are implanted in the body, they show low immunological rejection and less potential for tumor formation when compared to ESCs, moreover, there are no ethical issues surrounding their procurement process. Although there are few studies on the use of this cell type in tissue development in the laboratory, AFSCs are cells with promising capabilities in the tissue engineering field [ 24 , 29 ].…”

“…In addition to the use of pluri and multipotent cells obtained in stages prior to cell differentiation into specific lineages, an alternative would be the use of already differentiated human tissue cells genetically reprogrammed to return to the initial stages of differentiation to make them undifferentiated stem cells again; these are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) [ 30 ]. This cell reprogramming technology, for generating iPSCs, presents a promising method, however, the difficulty of producing a significant amount of stem cells with an adequate degree of purification make it difficult to use this method on a large scale [ 24 ]. iPSCs are very similar to ESCs in terms of differentiation capacity, however, iPSCs do not require the destruction of embryos for their production.…”

“…As previously cited, in vitro tissues produced from myogenic cell culture can be developed in scaffolds of various materials to ensure adequate structural and biochemical support for the processes of cell differentiation and proliferation [ 24 ].…”

Accelerated wound closure: Systematic evaluation of cellulose acetate effects on biologically active molecules release from amniotic fluid stem cells

“…3 AFSCs have achieved promising therapeutic results in the context of neoorgan and tissue regeneration, including heart, muscle, and kidney thanks to paracrine factors secreted by the AFSCs. 4 The paracrine factors such as growth factors and cytokines evoked critical reactions including cell proliferation, cytoprotection, and migration. 5 Currently, a considerable amount of efforts have been made to elucidate, augment, and harness stem cell paracrine factors for regenerative medicine.…”