Recent Advances in Nanotheranostics for Treat‐to‐Target of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abstract

Early diagnosis, standardized treatment, and regular monitoring are the clinical treatment principle of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The overarching principles and recommendations of treat‐to‐target (T2T) in RA advocate remission as the optimum aim, especially for patients with very early disease who are initiating therapy with anti‐RA medications. However, traditional anti‐RA drugs cannot selectively target the inflammatory areas and may cause serious side effects due to its short biological half‐life and poor bioavailability. These limitations have significantly driven the research and application of nanomaterial‐based drugs in theranostics of RA. Nanomedicines have appropriate sizes and easily modified surfaces which can enhance their biological compatibility and prolong circulation time of drug‐loading systems in vivo. Traditional T2T regimens cannot evaluate the efficacy of drugs in real time, while clinical drug nanosizing can realize the integration of diagnosis and treatment of RA. This review bridges clinically proposed T2T concepts and nanomedicine in an integrated system for RA early‐stage diagnosis and treatment. The most advanced progress in various nanodrug delivery systems for theranostics of RA is summarized, establishing a clear path and a new perspective for further optimization of T2T. Finally, the key facing challenges are discussed and prospects are addressed.

Estudo comparativo do mecanismo de ação da Vitamina D na prevenção da artrite reumatóide e psoríase / Comparative study of the mechanism of action of Vitamin D in the prevention of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis

“…O tratamento para a AR visa reduzir a atividade da doença e, portanto, a comparação dos níveis séricos de 25-OHD3 com as medidas da atividade da doença após o início do tratamento pode mascarar os efeitos anteriores da deficiência de vitD na doença virgem (WANG et al, 2020). Desde a década de 1990, uma abordagem precoce e agressiva para o manejo da nova AR tem sido amplamente utilizada para maximizar as chances de induzir a remissão (XIE et al, 2019).…”

Carbon Nanomaterials Applied for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases: Preclinical Evidence

“…[153][154][155] In-deed, more than 50 drug formulations containing nanomaterials have been approved by the FDA for clinical use, while hundreds of clinical trials are ongoing. [156] Although the number of FDA-approved and marketed nanomedicines is significant and growing, it is much lower for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, [157] while carbon nanomaterials remain mainly at the level of laboratory research.…”

Stimuli-responsive polymeric nanomaterials for rheumatoid arthritis therapy

“…In this regard, the strategy of using pH-sensitive PNPs bearing therapeutic agents (NSAIDs, GCs) has great potential in RA treatment. The nanosystems with an appropriate size can effectively penetrate inflamed joints by taking advantage of enhanced angiogenesis during RA, which leads to discontinuity of inflammatory endothelial cells and increased vascular permeability (Peper et al 2017;Wang et al 2020). After sensitive nanocarriers have delivered anti-RA drugs to the affected area, low pH conditions trigger the drug release precisely into its site of action.…”