Abstract:In the last decade, graphene‐based nanomaterials and carbon dots have joined the family of carbon materials mainly composed of graphite, diamond, fullerene, and carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanomaterials have been widely exploited in various fields from electronics and materials science to nanomedicine. The studies on their effect on the immune system have revealed that they possess intrinsic anti‐inflammatory properties, reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and modulating immune cell maturation. I… Show more
“…[43][44][45][46] In particular, they have been exploited for drug delivery, bioimaging, tissue engineering, biosensing, as antimicrobial, antibacterial and antifungal agents, 47 and for photothermal and photodynamic therapy. 48 They can be used as carriers of drugs for the treatment of different diseases including cancer, 49 inflammatory diseases 50 and viral infections. 51,52 Biomedical devices including blood glucose sensors 53 and deep brain stimulators 54 have been developed.…”
Section: Biosensing Applications Of Two-dimensional Materialsmentioning
Viral infections are one of the major causes of mortality and economic losses worldwide. Consequently, efficient virus detection methods are crucial to determine the infection prevalence. However, most detection methods face challenges related to false-negative or falsepositive results, long response times, high costs, and/or the need for specialized equipment and staff. Such issues can be overcome by access to low-cost and fast response point-of-care detection systems, and two-dimensional materials (2DMs) can play a critical role in this regard. Indeed, the unique and tunable physicochemical properties of 2DMs provide many advantages for developing biosensors for viral infections with high sensitivity and selectivity. Fast, accurate, and reliable detection, even at early infection stages by the virus, can be potentially enabled by highly accessible surface interactions between the 2DMs and the analytes. High selectivity can be obtained by functionalization of the 2DMs with antibodies, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides or aptamers, allowing for specific binding to a particular virus, viral fingerprints or proteins released by the host organism. Multiplexed detection and discrimination between different virus strains are also feasible. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the major advances of 2DMbased biosensors for the detection of viruses. We describe the main factors governing the efficient interactions between viruses and 2DMs, making them ideal candidates for the detection of viral infections. We also critically detail their advantages and drawbacks, providing insights for the development of future biosensors for virus detection. Lastly, we provide suggestions to stimulate research in the fast expanding field of 2DMs that could help in designing advanced systems for preventing virus-related pandemics.
“…[43][44][45][46] In particular, they have been exploited for drug delivery, bioimaging, tissue engineering, biosensing, as antimicrobial, antibacterial and antifungal agents, 47 and for photothermal and photodynamic therapy. 48 They can be used as carriers of drugs for the treatment of different diseases including cancer, 49 inflammatory diseases 50 and viral infections. 51,52 Biomedical devices including blood glucose sensors 53 and deep brain stimulators 54 have been developed.…”
Section: Biosensing Applications Of Two-dimensional Materialsmentioning
Viral infections are one of the major causes of mortality and economic losses worldwide. Consequently, efficient virus detection methods are crucial to determine the infection prevalence. However, most detection methods face challenges related to false-negative or falsepositive results, long response times, high costs, and/or the need for specialized equipment and staff. Such issues can be overcome by access to low-cost and fast response point-of-care detection systems, and two-dimensional materials (2DMs) can play a critical role in this regard. Indeed, the unique and tunable physicochemical properties of 2DMs provide many advantages for developing biosensors for viral infections with high sensitivity and selectivity. Fast, accurate, and reliable detection, even at early infection stages by the virus, can be potentially enabled by highly accessible surface interactions between the 2DMs and the analytes. High selectivity can be obtained by functionalization of the 2DMs with antibodies, nucleic acids, proteins, peptides or aptamers, allowing for specific binding to a particular virus, viral fingerprints or proteins released by the host organism. Multiplexed detection and discrimination between different virus strains are also feasible. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the major advances of 2DMbased biosensors for the detection of viruses. We describe the main factors governing the efficient interactions between viruses and 2DMs, making them ideal candidates for the detection of viral infections. We also critically detail their advantages and drawbacks, providing insights for the development of future biosensors for virus detection. Lastly, we provide suggestions to stimulate research in the fast expanding field of 2DMs that could help in designing advanced systems for preventing virus-related pandemics.
“…These data support the emerging perspective that the CNTs are promising biomaterials for the applications of tissue engineering or the therapy of intestinal bowel diseases. 55 Over all, these findings (1) reveal the importance of the intestinal organoid model for the investigation on nanointestine interactions; (2) inspire us to develop bionic ECMs and tissue engineering materials with a rational design for biomedical applications; and (3) highlight a biological profile of CNTs on the intestine through acting on the extracellular microenvironment and intracellular metabolism.…”
The
biological effect of engineered carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as
beneficial biomaterials on the intestine, especially on its development,
remains unclear. Here, we investigated the profitable effect of CNTs
with a different graphene layer and surface modification on the 3D
model of intestinal organoids and demonstrated that CNTs (50 μg/mL)
promoted the development of intestinal organoids over time (0–5
days). The mechanisms involve the modulation of extracellular matrix
(ECM) viscoelasticity and intracellular energy metabolism. In particular,
CNTs reduced the hardness of the extracellular matrix through decreasing
the elasticity and increasing the viscosity as a result of elevated
metalloproteinase and binding to a protein scaffold, which activated
the mechanical membrane sensors of cells, Piezo, and downstream P-p38-yes-associated
protein (YAP) pathway. Moreover, CNTs altered the metabolic profile
of intestinal organoids and induced increased mitochondria activity,
respiration, and nutrient absorption. These mechanisms cooperated
with each other to promote the proliferation and differentiation of
intestinal organoids. In addition, the promoted effect of CNTs is
highly dependent on the number of graphene layers, manifested as multiwalled
CNTs > single-walled CNTs. Our findings highlight the CNT–intestine interaction and imply the potential of CNTs
as biomaterials for intestine-associated tissue engineering.
“… Fig. 3 The major milestones in the development of carbon-based nanomaterials [ 85 ]. Reproduced with permission.…”
Section: Carbon Quantum Dotsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Usually, fabricating CQDs by cutting higher dimensional bulk carbon precursors is recognized as the “top-down” approach. This approach includes laser ablation, electrochemical carbonization, chemical ablation, and hydrothermal/solvothermal/special oxidation cleavage, etc [ 85 , 124 ]. In this approach, inexpensive raw carbonaceous materials are usually used as precursors.…”
In the last decade, carbon quantum dots (CQDs), as a novel class of carbon-based nanomaterials, have received increasing attention due to their distinct properties. CQDs are ultimately small nanoparticles with an average size below 10 nm, possessing high water solubility, alluring photoluminescence, photostability, excellent biocompatibility, low/none toxicity, environmental friendliness, and high sustainability, etc. In history, there are intermittent threats from viruses to humans, animals and plants worldwide, resulting in enormous crises and impacts on our life, environment, economy and society. Some recent studies have unveiled that certain types of CQDs exhibited high and potent antiviral activities against various viruses such as human coronavirus, arterivirus, norovirus and herpesvirus. Moreover, they have been successfully explored and developed for different virus detections including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This article exclusively overviews and discusses the recent progress of designing, synthesizing, modifying/functionalizing and developing CQDs towards effective virus detection as well as the inhibition and treatment of viral infection. Their mechanisms and applications against various pathogenic viruses are addressed. The latest outcomes for combating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) utilizing CQDs are also highlighted. It can be envisaged that CQDs could further benefit the development of virus detectors and antiviral agents with added broad-spectrum activity and cost-effective production.
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