Recent advances in nanomedicines for regulation of macrophages in wound healing

Abstract

Macrophages are essential immune cells and play a major role in the immune response as pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory agents depending on their plasticity and functions. Infiltration and activation of macrophages are usually involved in wound healing. Herein, we first described macrophage polarization and their critical functions in wound healing process. It is addressed how macrophages collaborate with other immune cells in the wound microenvironment. Targeting macrophages by manipulating or re-educating macrophages in inflammation using nanomedicines is a novel and feasible strategy for wound management. We discussed the design and physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and their functions for macrophages activation and anti-inflammatory signaling during wound therapy. The mechanism of action of the strategies and appropriate examples are also summarized to highlight the pros and cons of those approaches. Finally, the potential of nanomedicines to modulate macrophage polarization for skin regeneration is discussed.

The diffusion of normal skin wound myofibroblast‐derived microvesicles differs according to matrix composition

“…They are known to transport a wide range of molecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids to other cells (Laberge et al., 2018; Narauskaitė et al., 2021; Théry et al., 2018; Yáñez‐Mó et al., 2015). In recent years, much attention has been paid to the study of EVs and their role in cell‐cell communication in the context of wound healing (Joorabloo & Liu, 2023; Laberge et al., 2018; Lu et al., 2022; Narauskaitė et al., 2021). For example, platelet‐derived EVs are involved in regulating haemostasis (Arraud et al., 2014), neutrophil‐derived EVs can exert both anti‐ and pro‐inflammatory functions(Kolonics et al., 2021), endothelial cell‐derived EVs can promote proliferation(Wei et al., 2020) and fibroblast‐derived EVs can contribute to the remodelling phase (Oh et al., 2021).…”

Multiscale Bioresponses of Metal Nanoclusters

“…[ 162 ] M1 macrophages, known for their pro‐inflammatory nature, release numerous pro‐inflammatory cytokines, often through mechanisms such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activation, which contribute to local tissue damage and persistent inflammation. [ 163 ] In contrast, M2 macrophages, which are prevalent during the resolution phase of inflammation, facilitate tissue repair by producing anti‐inflammatory cytokines. Considering this complex immunological landscape, the immunomodulatory properties of different types of metal NCs have been the focus of many investigations.…”

Harnessing strategies for enhancing diabetic wound healing from the perspective of spatial inflammation patterns

“…Meanwhile, M1 macrophages produce a large number of proinflammatory cytokines to prompt overabundant metalloproteinases from fibroblasts in diabetic wound healing, which result in the breakdown of collagen fibers [ 62 ]. By contrast, IL-10 released from M2 macrophages gives rise to collagen deposition in the correct wound healing cascade [ 63 ]. Overall, M1/M2 transition is closely related to cellular or non-cellular components in diabetic wound healing.…”