Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Diagnosis, Treatments, and Neurorestoration in Ischemic Stroke

Abstract

Stroke is a major public health issue, corresponding to the second cause of mortality and the first cause of severe disability. Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for 87% of all strokes, where early detection and clinical intervention are well known to decrease its morbidity and mortality. However, the diagnosis of ischemic stroke has been limited to the late stages, and its therapeutic window is too narrow to provide rational and effective treatment. In addition, clinical thrombolytics suffer from a short half-life, inactivation, allergic reactions, and non-specific tissue targeting. Another problem is the limited ability of current neuroprotective agents to promote recovery of the ischemic brain tissue after stroke, which contributes to the progressive and irreversible nature of ischemic stroke and also the severity of the outcome. Fortunately, because of biomaterials’ inherent biochemical and biophysical properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, renewability, nontoxicity, long blood circulation time, and targeting ability. Utilization of them has been pursued as an innovative and promising strategy to tackle these challenges. In this review, special emphasis will be placed on the recent advances in the study of nanomaterials for the diagnosis and therapy of ischemic stroke. Meanwhile, nanomaterials provide much promise for neural tissue salvage and regeneration in brain ischemia, which is also highlighted.

Application of Nanotechnology in Thrombus Therapy

“…[ 51 ] However, plasminogen activator inhibitors modulate the activity of rt‐PA activity, limiting its fibrinolysis efficacy. [ 52 ] According to the American Heart Association Stroke Council guidelines, the optimal treatment time with IV rtPA is 3 to 4.5 h after the onset of ischemic stroke. [ 53 ] Another major limitation of fibrinolytic therapy is the drug transport mode and half‐life.…”

Perspective insights into hydrogels and nanomaterials for ischemic stroke

“…Biomaterials used for invasive medical therapy include sterilizable nanoparticles (NPs) and hydrogels ( Rajkovic et al, 2018 ). Although distinct mechanical, biological, chemical, and physical features are present, biocompatibility, biofunctionality, and biodegradability are the shared properties for different types of biomaterials ( Lin et al, 2022 ).…”

Chiral Carbon Dots and Chiral Carbon Dots with Circularly Polarized Luminescence: Synthesis, Mechanistic Investigation and Applications

“…The development of nanomaterials for therapeutic diagnostics is an urgent task, and ideal candidates should simultaneously serve as markers for early diagnosis of diseases and have therapeutic effects. And their structural parameters and physicochemical properties should be efficiently tuned [101–114] . CCDs have a very high potential for biomedical applications due to their low toxicity and good biocompatibility.…”

“…And their structural parameters and physicochemical properties should be efficiently tuned. [101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114] CCDs have a very high potential for biomedical applications due to their low toxicity and good biocompatibility. However, until 2018, chiral nano-bio-interactions based on the premise of CCDs were hardly reported.…”