Recent advances in metal-free heteroatom-doped carbon heterogonous catalysts

Abstract

Recent advances in metal-free heteroatom-doped carbon heterogeneous catalysts including the preparation methods and their catalytic applications in various organic reactions have been reported.

Current Advances in the Sustainable Conversion of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural into 2,5‐Furandicarboxylic Acid

“…[70] Among different doped carbon structures, nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) was used as metal-free heterogeneous catalyst for different reactions, including oxidations. [71] In particular, the recent strategies tend to exploit graphitized carbon structures that are doped with N-atoms.…”

“…The presence of heteroatoms in a carbon matrix usually causes surface defects, due to the differences in atomic radius and bond length, which can act as active catalytic sites [70] . Among different doped carbon structures, nitrogen‐doped carbon (NC) was used as metal‐free heterogeneous catalyst for different reactions, including oxidations [71] . In particular, the recent strategies tend to exploit graphitized carbon structures that are doped with N‐atoms.…”

Carbon Materials as Catalytic Tools for Oxidative Dehydrogenations and Couplings in Liquid Phase

“…Beyond this example, heteroatom doping of carbon materials has been proven to be an effective strategy to improve activity and selectivity towards alcohol oxidation. 56 Initially, nitrogen doping 76,77 was employed to tune the electronic properties of the carbon material, but more recently co-doping with other heteroatoms, such as P and S, has also proven to be an effective strategy to improve the performance of the material. 78,79 This has allowed extension of the protocol to allylic alcohols, reaching yields as high as 87%.…”

An overview of metal-free sustainable nitrogen-based catalytic knoevenagel condensation reaction

“…[13][14][15] Metals, especially transition metals, have been extensively applied in a series of important organic transformations as heterogeneous catalysts such as nanoparticles (NPs), metalorganic framework (MOF), clusters, coordination metal complexes, or free ions. [16][17][18][19][20][21] Despite their high efficiency, these catalysts have some drawbacks such as significant environmental effects, metal leaching, high price, gas poisoning susceptibility, poor durability, and low selectivity. Thus, metal-free, and recyclable catalysts are crucial for both environmental remediation and large-scale industrial applications.…”