Recent Advances in Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Ammonia Detection

Abstract

The increasing demand to mitigate the alarming effects of the emission of ammonia (NH3) on human health and the environment has highlighted the growing attention to the design of reliable and effective sensing technologies using novel materials and unique nanocomposites with tunable functionalities. Among the state-of-the-art ammonia detection materials, graphene-based polymeric nanocomposites have gained significant attention. Despite the ever-increasing number of publications on graphene-based polymeric nanocomposites for ammonia detection, various understandings and information regarding the process, mechanisms, and new material components have not been fully explored. Therefore, this review summarises the recent progress of graphene-based polymeric nanocomposites for ammonia detection. A comprehensive discussion is provided on the various gas sensor designs, including chemiresistive, Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM), and Field-Effect Transistor (FET), as well as gas sensors utilising the graphene-based polymer nanocomposites, in addition to highlighting the pros and cons of graphene to enhance the performance of gas sensors. Moreover, the various techniques used to fabricate graphene-based nanocomposites and the numerous polymer electrolytes (e.g., conductive polymeric electrolytes), the ion transport models, and the fabrication and detection mechanisms of ammonia are critically addressed. Finally, a brief outlook on the significant progress, future opportunities, and challenges of graphene-based polymer nanocomposites for the application of ammonia detection are presented.

Self-Healing MXene- and Graphene-Based Composites: Properties and Applications

“…Graphene is complemented through two forms, such as graphene attained from the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, as well as graphene derivatives comprising of GO [76,77]. Graphene connections in the matrix can be through the mixture of graphene with matrix by molecular force, the connection of graphene and matrix through hydrogen bonds and polymer/graphene connection using reversible chemical bonds [78]. Different strategies have been introduced for synthesizing self-healing graphene-based composites, including simple mixing, in situ polymerization, Diels-Alder reactions, layer-by-layer self-assembly methods, and hydrothermal techniques [79].…”

Preparation of single atom catalysts for high sensitive gas sensing

“…In general, the sensing materials should effectively capture target gas molecules and convert gas interactions into detectable signals. Therefore, extensive efforts have been made to optimize the properties of sensing materials, including morphology and crystal structure modulation [45][46][47][48][49][50][51], noble metals modification [52][53][54], heterojunctions construction [55][56][57][58][59], and vacancies insertion [60][61][62][63]. Among these approaches, the modification of traditional semiconductor materials with single-atom metals has demonstrated not only high sensitivity and selectivity of target gases but also outstanding utilization rates of noble metals and low synthesis costs [64,65].…”

Chitosan Film Sensor for Ammonia Detection in Microdiffusion Analytical Devices

“…These devices were intended for food preservation or for quality monitoring through the development of responsive devices, using a biocompatible substrate, where a specific reaction/color change allows the detection of a specific marker [24][25][26][27][28]. Besides food applications, the determination of ammonia is crucial in other fields, especially in clinical chemistry [29,30]. Indeed, the increase of ammonia in biological fluids is associated with various disorders, particularly renal and liver diseases [31].…”