Recent Advances in Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensing

Abstract

The detection of glucose is crucial in the management of diabetes and other medical conditions but also crucial in a wide range of industries such as food and beverages. The development of glucose sensors in the past century has allowed diabetic patients to effectively manage their disease and has saved lives. First-generation glucose sensors have considerable limitations in sensitivity and selectivity which has spurred the development of more advanced approaches for both the medical and industrial sectors. The wide range of application areas has resulted in a range of materials and fabrication techniques to produce novel glucose sensors that have higher sensitivity and selectivity, lower cost, and are simpler to use. A major focus has been on the development of enzymatic electrochemical sensors, typically using glucose oxidase. However, non-enzymatic approaches using direct electrochemistry of glucose on noble metals are now a viable approach in glucose biosensor design. This review discusses the mechanisms of electrochemical glucose sensing with a focus on the different generations of enzymatic-based sensors, their recent advances, and provides an overview of the next generation of non-enzymatic sensors. Advancements in manufacturing techniques and materials are key in propelling the field of glucose sensing, however, significant limitations remain which are highlighted in this review and requires addressing to obtain a more stable, sensitive, selective, cost efficient, and real-time glucose sensor.

Superior Non-Invasive Glucose Sensor Using Bimetallic CuNi Nanospecies Coated Mesoporous Carbon

“…Figure 3 a shows the CV of the glucose sensor at pH 7, exhibiting no oxidation-reduction peaks. Similar studies have been carried out exploring the effect of the pH on the electrode sensitivity, revealing that the catalyst sensitivity to glucose is boosted by increasing the pH [ 45 , 46 , 47 ]. The reduced species transferred the excess electrons to the Ni 2+ /Ni 3+ redox couple leading to an enhancement in the redox current.…”

“…The reduced species transferred the excess electrons to the Ni 2+ /Ni 3+ redox couple leading to an enhancement in the redox current. It is worth mentioning that ion contamination limitation can be eliminated employing alkaline conditions on the electrode surface, as the hydroxyl groups (OH¯) suppress the chloride (Cl¯) adsorption to the electrode surface [ 45 , 47 ]. Accordingly, changing the real pH of the sweat solution in this work significantly enhanced the sensitivity of the as-prepared electrode.…”

A Methodical Review on the Applications and Potentialities of Using Nanobiosensors for Disease Diagnosis

“…According to a recent review study by [ 26 ], the advancements of BioSS/NanoBioSS are fast attaining remarkable attention in the biomedical/clinical/healthcare fields due to their wide-ranging applications. BioSS/NanoBioSS are presently been efficaciously employed for detecting and diagnosing, treatment of diseases, as well as in the monitoring and management of human health [ 26 , 95 , 154 – 158 ]. Hence, there should be incessant advances in the development of materials (NMs to be specific) for the fabrication of BioSS/NanoBioSS.…”

Glucose oxidase as a model enzyme for antidiabetic activity evaluation of medicinal plants: <i>In vitro</i> and <i>in silico</i> evidence

“…Indeed, the in vivo study showed that L. multiflora reduced blood glucose levels very significantly in treated mice as shown in Figure 13. The enzyme glucose oxidase plays an important role in basic research as a biosensor (Hassan et al, 2021;Hyo et al, 2020;Stefano et al, 2011). In this study, this enzyme was used to develop a UV-visible spectrophotometric method for screening plants with anti-diabetic properties.…”