Recent advances in electrochemically surface treated titanium and its alloys for biomedical applications: A review of anodic and plasma electrolytic oxidation methods

Electrophoretically deposited titanium and its alloys in biomedical engineering: Recent progress and remaining challenges

“…141 A higher torque removal value indicates better bonding at the tissue-implant interface. There is a gap in the literature regarding one of the most important features of biologically active coatings-their surface free energy, 37 which mission is to determine the adhesion between the implant and human body fluids. 172 This feature facilitates assessment of the biological response of the implant, that is protein interaction and differentiation of osteoblasts, which in close vicinity to the implant attempt to achieve the lowest possible value of total free energy in the arrangement.…”

“…In addition, we would like to draw attention to another feature of the coatings, which is determined on the basis of the contact angle measurement and computer modeling—surface free energy. Its study is important in biomedical applications because it determines the interaction between the implant and human body fluids, thereby affecting the behavior of proteins and the differentiation of osteoblasts 37 . In the case of EPD processes conducted on titanium and its alloys, there is a gap in this area that needs to be filled with the object of a better understanding of the layers' bioactivity.…”

“…In addition, they facilitate the formation of coatings with disparate morphology, roughness, crystallinity, chemical composition, wettability as well as corrosion and mechanical properties on materials of various shapes and the equipment is inexpensive. 37 All electrochemical methods are characterized by the ability to change the following process parameters: voltage, time and concentration, pH, temperature and composition of the electrolyte/suspension. 7,[38][39][40][41][42][43][44] However, amid these methods, the EPD has more variables that can be modified.…”

“…The last three abovementioned methods belong to the group of electrochemical methods, which are characterized by simplicity and a relatively low price compared to the rest of the mentioned methods. In addition, they facilitate the formation of coatings with disparate morphology, roughness, crystallinity, chemical composition, wettability as well as corrosion and mechanical properties on materials of various shapes and the equipment is inexpensive 37 . All electrochemical methods are characterized by the ability to change the following process parameters: voltage, time and concentration, pH, temperature and composition of the electrolyte/suspension 7,38–44 .…”

Osteoconductive, Osteogenic, and Antipathogenic Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coatings on Titanium Implants with BMP-2

“…PEO leads to the formation of a microporous oxide coating on a metal substrate due to the release of gaseous oxygen from the melt, the microstructure of which is better adapted to bone tissue than smooth titanium. − Obtaining a suitable structure is possible by finding the optimal PEO parameters (current, frequency, applied voltage, temperature, processing time, and duty cycle). , The size, shape, and pore size distributions have a significant impact on cell adhesion, spreading, proliferation and differentiation. , To improve the material bioactivity, functional elements, such as Ca, P, Si, etc., , and chelating agents were added to the TiO 2 -based coatings by a corresponding change in the electrolyte composition used in the PEO process. For example, the presence of Si on the implant surface promotes the osteoclastogenesis process, mineralization, and bone formation .…”