Electrophoretically deposited titanium and its alloys in biomedical engineering: Recent progress and remaining challenges

Abstract

Over the past decade, titanium implants have gained popularity as the number of performed implantation operations has significantly increased. There are a number of methods for modifying the surface of biomaterials, which are aimed at extending the life of titanium implants. The developments in this field in recent years have required a comprehensive discussion of all the properties of electrophoretically deposited coatings on titanium and its alloys, taking into account their bioactivity. The development that took place in this field in recent years required a comprehensive discussion of all the properties of coatings electrophoretically deposited on titanium and its alloys, with particular emphasis on their bioactivity. Herein, we attempt to assess the influence of the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process parameters on these coatings' biological and mechanical properties. Particular attention has been addressed to the in‐vitro and in‐vivo studies conducted hitherto. We have seen an increased interest in using titanium alloys without the addition of toxic compounds and gaps in the EPD field such as the uncommon endeavors to develop a “Design of experiments” approach as well as the lack of assessment of the surface free energy and detailed topography of electrophoretically deposited coatings. The exact correlation of coating properties with EPD process parameters still seems explicitly not understood, necessitating more future investigations. Ipso facto, the exact mechanism of particle agglomeration and Hamaker's law need to be fathomable.

Electrophoretic Deposition and Characterization of Curcumin/Chitosan Coatings

“…Titanium and its alloys are a group of materials that have found a wide application in biomedical engineering, particularly in bone implants. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] The unique properties of titanium, such as its high specific strength, high fatigue resistance, outstanding electrochemical corrosion resistance, relatively low modulus of elasticity and high biocompatibility, make it a preferred material for the manufacture of orthopedic implant components for joint replacement surgery or as fracture fixation implants. 2,6 The important issue that arises when working with metallic implants is the formation of a microbial biofilm on their surface, 3,[8][9][10][11][12][13] which can lead to the risk of severe infection.…”

“…3,5,11,[14][15][16][17] Biopolymers, especially polysaccharides, are interesting materials due to the combination of their unique properties, such as low inherent toxicity, biodegradability, low cost and are obtained from renewable sources. 3,4,7,18,19 They can also exhibit osteoinductive and bacteriostatic properties and accelerate wound healing. 3,19 One of such biopolysaccharides is chitosan, which is a product obtained by alkaline deacetylation of chitin found in crustacean shells, fungi walls, and various insect exoskeletons.…”

“…It is an environmentally friendly and relatively simple method for the deposition of various biocompounds at room temperature on metallic substrates, including chitosan coatings. 4,5,16,36 Using this method, it is possible to obtain fairly homogeneous and uniform coatings on metallic substrates with complex shapes. 4,14,17,37 Previous papers showed the possibility of co-deposition of chitosan with hydroxyapatite, 11,16 tea tree essential oil 5 or bioactive glasses.…”

“…4,5,16,36 Using this method, it is possible to obtain fairly homogeneous and uniform coatings on metallic substrates with complex shapes. 4,14,17,37 Previous papers showed the possibility of co-deposition of chitosan with hydroxyapatite, 11,16 tea tree essential oil 5 or bioactive glasses. [38][39][40] Virk et al 24 reported the possibility of EPD of the chitosan/curcumin coating as an outer zone of the polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK)/bioactive glass (BG)/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) layers.…”