Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of Salmonellosis: Current Prospective and Challenges

Abstract

Salmonellosis is a major cause of foodborne infections, caused by Salmonella, posing a major health risk. It possesses the ability to infiltrate the food supply chain at any point throughout the manufacturing, distribution, processing or quality control process. Salmonella infection has increased severely and requires effective and efficient methods for early monitoring and detection. Traditional methods, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction and culture plate, consume a lot of time and are labor-intensive. Therefore, new quick detection methods for on-field applications are urgently needed. Biosensors provide consumer-friendly approaches for quick on-field diagnoses. In the last few years, there has been a surge in research into the creation of reliable and advanced electrochemical sensors for the detection of Salmonella strains in food samples. Electrochemical sensors provide extensive accuracy and reproducible results. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview of electrochemical sensors for the detection of Salmonella by focusing on various mechanisms of electrochemical transducer. Further, we explain new-generation biosensors (microfluidics, CRISPR- and IOT-based) for point-of care applications. This review also highlights the limitations of developing biosensors in Salmonella detection and future possibilities.

Nanoparticle-Based Visual Detection of Amplified DNA for Diagnosis of Hepatitis C Virus

“…Magnetic nanoparticle-based capture is widely used in DNA sensors owing to their good dispersion, low cost, easy separation, purification in buffer systems, and signal detection [ 40 ]. However, signal detection requires additional development processes for fluorescent, electrochemical, or chemiluminescent detection [ 22 , 41 , 42 ]. In the STAT-DNA system, we did not use magnetic nanoparticles for their magnetically controllable properties, such as aggregation, purification, and separation.…”

Aptamer-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of Salmonella: A Scoping Review

“…Aptamer is used as a biorecognition molecule in the electrochemical sensing platform to improve the quality of the detection process for digitalizing diagnostic applications [ 56 , 57 ]. Owing to its promising features, various electrochemical aptasensors have been developed and met the requirements of a diagnostic device [ 58 ].…”

“…Adding nanomaterials (carbon-based and non-carbon-based) onto the surface of the working electrode will enhance the electrochemical aptasensor characteristics, including the surface area for the immobilization of aptamer, electron transfer kinetics, and electrical conductivity [ 57 , 65 ]. It can be noticed from Table 3 that most studies employed AuNPs (six studies) as nanomaterials in the fabrication of electrochemical aptasensors for the detection of Salmonella.…”

Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensors with Tunable Detection Range

“…Electrochemical biosensors are biosensors employing electrochemical principles, which consist of impedance, amperometry, potentiometry, and conductometry methods . Generally speaking, three main elements are involved in the electrochemical biosensors . They are the target recognition part (sensing component), signal transducer/detector, and signal processor .…”