Recent advances in chemical recycling of polyethylene terephthalate waste into value added products for sustainable coating solutions – hope<i>vs</i>. hype

Ghosal, Krishanu; Nayak, Chinmaya

doi:10.1039/d1ma01112j

Cited by 114 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 120 publications

(126 reference statements)

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“…Polyesters, especially poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), are widely used in packaging (e.g., beverage bottles, thermally stabilized films), textiles (fibers), and many engineering applications because of their excellent mechanical strength, chemical resistance, excellent electrical insulation, and thermal resistance. − Recycled PET (rPET) is mainly obtained from beverage bottles because a better collection infrastructure exists for bottles than for other types of municipal solid waste (MSW). Approximately 40% of rPET in Europe is downcycled for low-end applications (e.g., nonfood grades) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, PET that is currently not recycled is valuable enough to warrant research and development (R&D) efforts to increase collection and recovery through advanced recycling techniques or by maximizing features that facilitate recycling, such as enhanced labeling and the reduction of secondary materials. Efforts have been focused on recycling PET, the most recycled plastic. , However, the rPET is usually of low quality (e.g., poor mechanical properties, low viscosity) because of the molecular weight reduction that occurs during the melt-processing of this polymer caused by hydrolytic reactions . Chemical and mechanical recycling are currently used as end-of-life solutions for rPET.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polystyrene-Free Chain Extenders for Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Abdelwahab

Khan

Matuana

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Chain extenders are additives introduced to economically and efficiently restore the performance of recycled condensation polymers such as poly(ethylene terephthalate). The most widely used commercial chain extenders for recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET) is the Joncryl ADR (ADR) family of copolymers which are composed of styrene, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), and butyl acrylate (BA). However, polystyrene is prone to degradation at higher temperatures. Thus, the aim of this study was to create polystyrene-free chain extenders for rPET recycling. Polystyrene-free chain extenders were synthesized via free radical polymerization from GMA, BA, and acetylated hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA-Ac) or benzoylated hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA-Bz) to enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of rPET. These chain extenders were analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. The chain extender (1 phr) was then blended with rPET by melt reactive extrusion, resulting in mechanical and thermal properties comparable to those of the commercial chain extender ADR. These additives offer safe alternatives to ADR and will enable the recycling of large volumes of rPET and other condensation polymers without generating any harmful residual styrene.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polystyrene-Free Chain Extenders for Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Abdelwahab

Khan

Matuana

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…The global consumption of PET was valued at $43.81 billion in 2019 with a compound annual growth rate of 11%, which predicts $68.33 billion global consumption by 2023 2 . Researchers reported that the global demand of PET will reach 22.65 million tons by 2025 with a current value of $44.1 billion 3 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single‐catalyst reactions from depolymerization to repolymerization: Transformation of polyethylene terephthalate to polyisocyanurate foam with deep eutectic solvents

Lee

Jung

2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Polyisocyanurate (PIR) has been used as a flame retardant insulation material because of its improved thermal insulation and flame-retarding effects due to its cyclic structure with an isocyanate trimer group. When a deep eutectic solvent (DES) is used as a catalyst, PET glycolysis produces bis(2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) (BHET) and its derivatives. These recycled polyols react with isocyanate to form PIR foam (PIRF) in the presence of a physical blowing agent. DES-based glycolysis is a low-energy process with a relatively low temperature and short reaction time. In this study, a potassium-based DES system was applied for the sequential depolymerization and repolymerization of waste PET into PIRFs. Potassium-based DESs were used as hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs), and ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol, and urea were used as hydrogen bond donors (HBDs). The PIRF was obtained through one-pot depolymerization and repolymerization with a single-catalyst DES system. All DES catalyst systems effectively decomposed PET; the PET conversion efficiency reached 95% after 2 h reaction. The recycled PIR was more thermally stable (approximately 26.9% limiting oxygen index (LOI) and approximately 68.8 W/g heat release rate (HRR)). This paper presents an environmentally friendly and robust upcycling process for the transformation of waste PET into PIRF.

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“…The widespread daily consumption of PET-made (polyethylene terephthalate) products in modern life has led to an acute problem of PET waste disposal [ 18 ] because PET is known to be non-biodegradable in nature. That is why the recycling of PET [ 19 ] has become one of the most important scientific topics regarding that only 28.4% of PET is recycled [ 20 ]. The search for new value-added and useful products from PET waste led to some attempts to make the epoxy resins [ 21 , 22 ], and new hardeners [ 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Physicochemical Characterization of New “Green” Epoxy-Resin Hardener Made from PET Waste

et al. 2022

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“Green” thermally stable hardener was synthesized from a PET waste. The rigid molecular linear structure of the new hardener suggests that it will provide the polymer matrix with the necessary physical and mechanical characteristics. It also allows the expectation that cured matrix based on this hardener can provide increased toughness. New hardener was used as a curing agent for three epoxy resins—tetraglycidyl methylenedianiline (TGDMA, 111–117 EEW), diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA, 170-192 EEW) and solid epoxy resin (SER)—with a medium molecular weight (860–930 EEW) based on DGEBA. The mixtures were found to have the highest Tg for the DGEBA resin, and high of that for TGDMA and SER. According to the DMA analysis for two cured matrices, the hardener proved to be no worse than the standard ones, and made it possible to obtain cured matrices with excellent mechanical properties, which allows us to hope for further application of new hardener cured epoxy matrices in appropriate composite materials at high temperatures.

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Recent advances in chemical recycling of polyethylene terephthalate waste into value added products for sustainable coating solutions – hopevs. hype

Abstract: In the current era of globalization, plastics are an indispensable part of our daily life; from morning toothbrush to night dinner table, plastics are everywhere in our daily life. In...

Cited by 114 publications

References 120 publications

Polystyrene-Free Chain Extenders for Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Polystyrene-Free Chain Extenders for Recycled Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Single‐catalyst reactions from depolymerization to repolymerization: Transformation of polyethylene terephthalate to polyisocyanurate foam with deep eutectic solvents

The Physicochemical Characterization of New “Green” Epoxy-Resin Hardener Made from PET Waste

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