Therapeutic options for the highly pathogenic human severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing the current pandemic coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
are urgently needed. COVID-19 is associated with viral pneumonia and acute respiratory
distress syndrome causing significant morbidity and mortality. The proposed treatments
for COVID-19 have shown little or no effect in the clinic so far. Additionally,
bacterial and fungal pathogens contribute to the SARS-CoV-2-mediated pneumonia disease
complex. The antibiotic resistance in pneumonia treatment is increasing at an alarming
rate. Therefore, carbon-based nanomaterials (CBNs), such as fullerene, carbon dots,
graphene, and their derivatives constitute a promising alternative due to their
wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and capacity
to induce tissue regeneration. Furthermore, the antimicrobial mode of action is mainly
physical (
e.g.
, membrane distortion), characterized by a low risk of
antimicrobial resistance. In this Review, we evaluated the literature on the antiviral
activity and broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties of CBNs. CBNs had antiviral
activity against 13 enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, including
SARS-CoV-2. CBNs with low or no toxicity to humans are promising therapeutics against
the COVID-19 pneumonia complex with other viruses, bacteria, and fungi, including those
that are multidrug-resistant.