Recent Advances in Carbon and Metal Based Supramolecular Technology for Supercapacitor Applications

Abstract

As the world moves towards renewable and sustainable energy sources, the need for systems that can quickly and safely store this energy is also rising. Supercapacitors (SCs) are among the most promising alternatives to conventional lithium‐ion batteries. SCs are more stable, have higher‐power densities, and can be charged much faster. However, SCs have their issues, and three of the main drawbacks of current SCs are 1) lower energy densities, 2) high cost of production, and 3) safety concerns in wearable devices. In this review, we discuss recent progress made in supramolecule‐based SCs (SSCs). In supramolecular systems, molecules are held stable using non‐covalent‐type bonds. This allows for a flexible system in which the molecular interaction sites can easily break and reform at low energy, allowing for exposure of highly active sites and self‐healing. When heterometal atoms are introduced into these supramolecular systems, this allows for further activation of the metal sites through the metal‐metal interaction along with the metal‐ligand interactions. This review discusses different types of SSCs (carbon‐based and metal‐incorporated) that have been utilized in recent years depending on their synthesis process. The working principle of SSCs and the utilization of different supramolecular elements that enhance the performance of SCs have also been discussed.

Effect of Ag Content on the Electrochemical Performance of Ag2Te Nanostructures Synthesized by Hydrothermal Route for Supercapacitor Applications

“…There has been a lot of focus in recent years on developing renewable clean energy sources owing to the depletion of fossil fuels, and their burning also creates environmental pollution as well global warming. − The growing need for new forms of energy storage along with conversion has been driven because of fast consumption regarding non-renewable and non-availability of renewable sources. As a result of the intermittent nature of sustainable energy supplies, building new forms of large-scale energy storage devices has become an incredibly difficult research problem. − Additionally, the development of devices that can withstand tens of thousands of charge/discharge cycles without deteriorating in performance or capacity is required due to the extensive worldwide demand.…”

Carbonaceous electrode materials for supercapacitor: Preparation and surface functionalization

“…Overall performance of supercapacitors currently lies between traditional dielectric capacitors and batteries. Generally the energy density of supercapacitors is relatively lower than that of many batteries, but the unique electricity storage process enables supercapacitors to store or release substantial amount of electricity in a very short time, which let supercapacitors become a most competitive candidate for the technologies that need are fast to transport and require a quick surge of electrical energy in a very short moment such as wind turbines, grid stabilization system, uninterruptable power supply, forklifts, military weapons, load cranes, hybrid electric vehicles, regenerative braking systems for electric vehicles and rail transit (Taberna et al, 2003;Meng et al, 2004;Chmiola et al, 2010;Wei et al, 2010;Cheng et al, 2011;Lv et al, 2020;Hasan Md et al, 2022).…”

Carbon Nanomaterials‐Enabled High‐Performance Supercapacitors: A Review

“…In the modern era, energy storage technologies are becoming more important not only to our daily life but also for the sustainable development of human society. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Nowadays, a variety of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles are popular in our daily life and provide us lots of living enjoyments and conveniences. For their better performance, the integrated energy storage and output system is highly desired to load energy capacity as large as possible for long duration use and to provide sufficient instant energy power when needed.…”

“…Therefore, how to overcome these shortages while keeping their advantages intact is the primary task in the field of SCs. [5,6] Figure 1a displays a typical structure of SCs. Unlike traditional capacitors that sandwich a dielectric component between two plate electrodes, SCs use ionic electrolyte in between a pair of electrodes generally made by pasting active materials onto plate current collectors.…”