Recent Advances in 3D Bioprinting: A Review of Cellulose-Based Biomaterials Ink

Abstract

Cellulose-based biodegradable hydrogel proves to be excellently suitable for the medical and water treatment industry based on the expressed properties such as its flexible structure and broad compatibility. Moreover, their potential to provide excellent waste management from the unutilized plant has triggered further study on the advanced biomaterial applications. To extend the use of cellulose-based hydrogel, additive manufacturing is a suitable technique for hydrogel fabrication in complex designs. Cellulose-based biomaterial ink used in 3D bioprinting can be further used for tissue engineering, drug delivery, protein study, microalgae, bacteria, and cell immobilization. This review includes a discussion on the techniques available for additive manufacturing, bio-based material, and the formation of a cellulose-based hydrogel.

Research progress in decellularized extracellular matrix hydrogels for intervertebral disc degeneration

“…For many applications in the biomedical field, hydrogels are classified according to their source material and can thus be classified as natural, synthetic and seminatural hydrogels. [65][66][67][68] Natural hydrogels include those composed of collagen, 69 hyaluronic acid, 45 gelatine, 70 cellulose, 71 chitosan 72 and agarose. 73 The advantages of natural hydrogels are good biocompatibility and biodegradability, while a disadvantage is potential immunogenicity and relatively weak mechanical strength.…”

Bacterial Patterning: A Promising Biofabrication Technique

“…12−14 On the macroscopic scale, threedimensional (3D) printing is employed to generate multicellular assemblies with precise geometries for mimicking the biological functions of native tissues and organs. 15−17 Despite extensive discussions on biomolecular patterning, 18 mammalian cell patterning, 19,20 and 3D printing, 21,22 there is a lack of prior publications systematically summarizing the research progress of bacterial patterning for diverse applications. In contrast to fragile mammalian cells, which are susceptible to environmental stimulation, 23,24 bacterial cells possess an additional cell wall structure, which serves as a protective shell to defend against external influential factors (e.g., shear force and light irradiation).…”

“…Depending on the species to be patterned and the biological functions to be accomplished, biopatterning operates across various length scales: from the molecular level (e.g., proteins and DNAs) and the cell level (e.g., mammalian and bacterial cells) to the tissue level and the organoid level (e.g., multicellular assemblies and tissue and organ printing) (Figure ). − At the microscopic scale, precise micro- and nanoscopic patterns are created through the deposition and/or adhesion of single molecules, exemplified by protein arrays for investigating signaling pathways and ligand–receptor interactions. − On the macroscopic scale, three-dimensional (3D) printing is employed to generate multicellular assemblies with precise geometries for mimicking the biological functions of native tissues and organs. − Despite extensive discussions on biomolecular patterning, mammalian cell patterning, , and 3D printing, , there is a lack of prior publications systematically summarizing the research progress of bacterial patterning for diverse applications. In contrast to fragile mammalian cells, which are susceptible to environmental stimulation, , bacterial cells possess an additional cell wall structure, which serves as a protective shell to defend against external influential factors (e.g., shear force and light irradiation). , Moreover, bacterial cells can form self-embedded biofilms by secreting extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs; e.g., polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular DNAs) and adhering to surfaces, which provide protection to bacteria in harsh environments. , Given their rapid proliferation, strong colonization capability, environmental adaptability, and well-established gene manipulation strategies, bacterial cells are considered ideal candidates for biopatterning. − …”

Shape Fidelity Evaluation of Alginate-Based Hydrogels through Extrusion-Based Bioprinting

“…The three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology refers to the layer-by-layer patterning of cell-laden bioink(s) in a predefined structural design [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Applications of 3D bioprinting range from microfluidics, organ-on-chip technologies, and tissue engineering to real-sized organ implants [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Commonly used 3D bioprinting methods are laser-assisted bioprinting [ 22 ], stereolithography (SLA) [ 17 , 23 ], inkjet-based bioprinting [ 24 ], valve-based bioprinting [ 25 ], and extrusion-based bioprinting (EBB) [ 26 ].…”