Recent advancements in synthesis, properties, and applications of conductive polymers for electrochemical energy storage devices: A review

Abstract

Conductive polymer (CP) research has exploded in popularity over the years, with applications ranging from nanoelectronics to material science. CPs are, for all sorts of purposes, Nobel Prize-winning compounds, as their inventors received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000. Conducting polymers have sparked a lot of interest in academic and industrial sectors because they combine the electrical characteristics of semiconductors and metals with the typical benefits of ordinary polymers, such as ease of preparation and low cost production. Conducting polymers have also received a lot of attention because of their unique characteristics, which include customizable electrical properties, excellent optical and mechanical capabilities, ease of synthesis and manufacturing, and superior environmental durability to traditional inorganic materials. In this study, the molecular structures and behaviors of the most common forms of CPs, namely, polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene and derivatives of polythiophene are discussed. The transport phenomenon that allow to understand the conduction process, are also described in this review. An in-depth investigation of conducting polymerbased binary, ternary, and quaternary composites with carbon-based materials, metal oxides, transition metals, and inorganic particles is utilized to analyze their applications as supercapacitors and batteries. There are also explanations of recent advancements in their applications in the areas of energy storage systems including batteries and supercapacitors. The development of their applications in the energy storage devices such as supercapacitors, lithium, and other -ions batteries, as well as their current issues and future prospect to advance energy storage systems are broadly discussed. This review is intended to contribute to a better understanding of this conducting polymer and, as a result, to the development of new research areas.

Synthesis, characterization, and thermoelectric properties of poly(p‐phenylenediamine)/poly(sulfonic acid diphenyl aniline) composites

“…In this study, the Seebeck coefficient was measured and the calculated power factor values were given in order to examine the thermoelectric properties of conductive polymeric materials, many properties [47][48][49][50][51][52] of which have been examined so far. Charge carrier mobility, the ability of charges to travel through the same chain as much as possible without skipping, increases the thermoelectric properties of polymers.…”

Last developments in polymers for wearable energy storage devices

“…Conductive polymers are wide used in both SC and LIB electrodes due to its unique electronic properties, their large surface areas, and their remarkable electrochemical properties 74,118 …”

“…This polymer develops superior environmental stability and biocompatibility, making itself very useful in a wide range of applications and it possess intrinsic flexibility, desirable property in wearable devices. It can be synthesized using electrochemical or chemical polymerization techniques and its conductivity comes from a p‐type doping 118 …”

“…Conductive polymers are wide used in both SC and LIB electrodes due to its unique electronic properties, their large surface areas, and their remarkable electrochemical properties. 74,118 PEDOT:PSS The most widely studied ICP is PEDOT:PSS due to its stability, high conductivity, and water resistance, making them suitable for roll-to-roll manufacturing. Tseghai al 3 reviewed the PEDOT:PSS conductive textiles and their obtaining methods.…”

“…It can be synthesized using electrochemical or chemical polymerization techniques and its conductivity comes from a p-type doping. 118 Several authors propose to use PPY in the design of new SC. [132][133][134] For illustration, Zhang et al 132 recently reported SC electrodes composed by carbon cloth coated with PPY films electrochemically deposited.…”