Our modern and technological society requests enhanced energy storage devices to tackle the current necessities. In addition, wearable electronic devices are being demanding because they offer many facilities to the person wearing it. In this manuscript, a historical review is made about the available energy storage devices focusing on super-capacitors and lithium-ion batteries, since they currently are the most present in the industry, and the possible polymeric materials suitable on wearable energy storage devices. Polymers are a suitable option because they not only possess remarkable mechanical resistance, flexibility, long life-times, easy manufacturing techniques and low cost in addition to they can be environmentally friendly, nontoxic, and even biodegradable too. Moreover, the electrical and electrochemical polymer properties can be tunning with suitable fillers giving to versatile conducting polymer composites with a good cost and properties' ratio. Although the advances are promising, there are still many drawbacks that need to be overcome. Future research should focus on improving both the performance of materials and their processability on an industrial scale, where additive manufacturing offers many possibilities. The sustainability of new energy storage devices should not
To increase the applications of FDM (fusion deposition modeling) 3D printing in electronics, it is necessary to develop new filaments with good electrical properties and suitable processability. In this work, polymer composites filament-shaped with superior electrical performance based on polylactic acid (PLA) carbon nanotubes and lignin blends have been studied by combining solution mixing and melt blending. The results showed that composites achieve electrical percolation from 5 wt.% of nanotubes, with high electrical conductivity. Moreover, the introduction of a plasticizing additive, lignin, improved the printability of the material while increasing its electrical conductivity (from (1.5 ± 0.9)·10−7 S·cm−1 to (1.4 ± 0.9)·10−1 S cm−1 with 5 wt.% carbon nanotubes and 1 wt.% lignin) maintaining the mechanical properties of composite without additive. To validate lignin performance, its effect on PLA/MWCNT was compare with polyethylene glycol. PEG is a well-known commercial additive, and its use as dispersant and plasticizer in PLA/MWCNT composites has been proven in bibliography. PLA/MWCNT composites display easier processability by 3D printing and more adhesion between the printed layers with lignin than with PEG. In addition, the polyethylene glycol produces a plasticizing effect in the PLA matrix reducing the composite stiffness. Finally, an interactive electronic prototype was 3D printed to assess the printability of the new conducting filaments with 5 wt.% of MWCNT.
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