Recent achievements in chemical hydride generation inductively coupled and microwave induced plasmas with optical emission spectrometry detection

Abstract

Although more than 30 years has already passed since hydride generation (HG) via the reaction with NaBH 4 (THB) was combined with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and microwave induced plasma (MIP), and applied in optical emission spectrometry (OES) for measurements of As, Bi, Ge, Pb, Se, Sb, Sn and Te, it is still the technique of choice in lots of analytical tasks requiring determinations of trace and ultratrace levels of these elements. But even now, HG offers plenty of room for development and progression. The last couple of years brought several achievements that revitalize HG and open new areas of its application for ICP-and MIP-OES methods. New universal sample introduction interfaces, capable of operating as both conventional spray chambers for pneumatic nebulization (PN) and reaction cells and gas-liquid phase separators (GLSs) for HG, have made possible real simultaneous determinations of hydride and non-hydride elements. The scope of HG utilizing the reaction with THB has additionally been expanded to transition and noble metals, i.e., Ag, Au, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pd, Pt, Rh, Zn and other elements, which vapor species, possibly nanoparticles of reduced elemental forms, are formed and transported into the plasma prior to detection by OES. It also seems that HG is well suited for determinations of hydride and non-hydride forming elements from slurried sample solutions with no necessity for tedious and time-consuming preparations of samples aimed on their complete decomposition. Operation of HG in a flow injection (FI) mode and use of microcolumns (MCs) loaded with different sorbents was found to be very suitable for pre-concentration of hydride forming elements

Effect of temperature on direct chemical vapor generation for plasma optical emission spectrometry: An application of programmable temperature spray chamber

“…Recently, the number of elements amenable to CVG has increased tremendously. Last reports imply that more than 30 elements form volatile species under experimental conditions typical for the technique [7,8]. Some of them form hydrides (i.e.…”

Integration of hydride generation and photochemical vapor generation for multi-element analysis of traditional Chinese medicine by ICP-OES

“…Hydride generation (HG) is the earliest and the most widely used CVG method, with traditional HG elements which include As, Bi, Ge, Pb, Se, Sb, Sn, Te and Zn, and elemental vapor forming elements Hg and Cd, via the reaction with tetrahydroborate (THB) for production of analyte-containing hydride gases phase or elemental vapor [3][4][5][6]. Photochemical vapor generation A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 5 three-channel peristaltic pumps was used to separately control the HG and PVG sampling programs;…”

“…Photochemical vapor generation A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 5 three-channel peristaltic pumps was used to separately control the HG and PVG sampling programs;…”

Vapor generation – atomic spectrometric techniques. Expanding frontiers through specific-species preconcentration. A review

“…Some other transition and noble metals have been tested with THB-based reactions, and volatile species were generated expanding VG applications [9][10][11]. In spite of the sensitivity and selectivity achieved, different sample pretreatments are often needed in order to either adequate it for the VG process, eliminate interferences (sample clean up) or preconcentrate analyte(s) [6,[12][13][14][15]. Since only few atomic spectrometric techniques are selective for the determination of species, sample pretreatments becomes a prominent feature that enables the possibility to discriminate between total content of a trace element and the content of each individual chemical form in which it occurs.…”