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Interannual Variation in the Zooplankton Community of the North Adriatic Sea under Short-Term Climatic Anomalies

“…The MAdDW (Middle Adriatic Deep Water) is formed in Jabuka/Pomo Pit, when there is limited Mediterranean water inflow. The SAdDW (Southern Adriatic Deep Water) originates in the Southern The North Adriatic Sea is a very productive area due to the presence of large river inputs and a wide continental platform that favors a shorter trophic chain and faster energy transfer [12]. Phytoplankton biomass usually reaches its maximum in spring, with a second peak in autumn, following the same pattern observed in river discharge [33,34].…”

“…The southern sub-basin is characterized by a wide depression that is about 1270 m in depth. Here, the Otranto channel allows limited water exchange with the Mediterranean Sea [12]. The Adriatic is a temperate warm sea, with temperatures ranging from 6 • in winter to 29 • C in summer and only rarely dropping below 10 • C, even in the deeper layers.…”

“…The Adriatic is a temperate warm sea, with temperatures ranging from 6 • in winter to 29 • C in summer and only rarely dropping below 10 • C, even in the deeper layers. A general increase in temperature from north to south can be observed in winter, while temperatures are more uniform in other seasons [12]. A clear gradient in salinity can also be observed from north to south and from inshore to offshore areas, but with some seasonal differences: the 38.0 PSU isohaline is located near the coast during winter, while during spring and summer, it spreads southward and offshore thanks to an increased thermal stratification [11].…”

“…The MAdDW (Middle Adriatic Deep Water) is formed in Jabuka/Pomo Pit, when there is limited Mediterranean water inflow. The SAdDW (Southern Adriatic Deep Water) originates in the Southern Adriatic Pit and spreads into the bottom layer of the Eastern Mediterranean [11,12]. The general circulation is cyclonic with a flow towards the northwest along the eastern side and a return flow towards the southeast along the western side.…”

“…The North Adriatic is a shallow sea, with a mean depth of about 30 m, characterized by colder waters and high river inputs, while the southern part is warmer and saltier, reaching a maximum depth of 1270 m [11]. The large extent of the continental platform and high nutrient input from coastal areas make the Adriatic Sea the most productive basin of the Mediterranean [12]. The cooler area in the north represents a suitable habitat for boreal species like Merlangius merlangus (Linnaeus, 1758), Sprattus sprattus (Linnaeus, 1758), Fucus virsoides (J.Agardh, 1868) and Pseudocalanus elongatus (Brady, 1865) [13,14].…”