Recall of Verbal Materials After a Four-Year Interval

Cofer, Charles N.

doi:10.1080/00221309.1943.10544435

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Even investigations of so-called long-term memory are usually limited to periods of a few weeks and only very few findings are reported in which memory is tested more than a year after the material was learned. The exceptions, beginning with Titchener (1923), are studies which are limited to a single person or to very few subjects (Cofer, 1943;Smith, 1951;Worcester, 1957). The reasons for this are clear.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fifty years of memory for names and faces: A cross-sectional approach.

Bahrick

Bahrick²,

Wittlinger³

1975

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

505

253

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Three hundred and ninety two high school graduates were tested for memory of names and portraits of classmates selected from yearbooks. The retention interval since graduation varied from 2 wk to 57 yr. Performance was adjusted by multiple regression procedure to control the effects of various conditions that influence original learning, such as class size, and other conditions that influence rehearsal of the material, such as attendance at class reunions.The cross-sectional approach illustrated in this study is discussed as an alternative to the traditional longitudinal approach to the study of memory. The cross-sectional adjustment approach sacrifices laboratory control over the conditions of original learning, but permits extension of investigations to conditions that significantly affect learning and memory but that cannot be adequately or conveniently manipulated in the confines of the laboratory. Examples are a greater range of learning material, of motivational conditions, of context effects, and most significantly of acquisition time and retention time. Since most of the vital information in the memory store is learned and retained over periods much longer than those which are investigated in the laboratory, available generalizations based on laboratory findings may be inadequate or inapplicable to these area of knowledge. The cross-sectional ap-

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confidence: 99%