Reassortant Clade 2.3.4.4 of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus, Taiwan, 2017

Chen, Li-Hsuan; Lee, Donghun; Liu, Yu-Pin; Li, Wan-Chen; Swayne, David E.; Chang, J H; Chen, Yen-Ping; Lee, Fan; Tu, Wen-Jane; Lin, Yu‐Feng

doi:10.3201/eid2406.172071

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The evidences supporting migratory birds play an important role in introducing novel HPAI subtypes into Taiwan was provided as the following. First, all four subtypes of H5Nx identified during 2015–2017 shared the same HA gene lineage derived from A/goose/Guangdong/1/96-like (Gs/GD) HPAI H5, which has never been identified before in Taiwan [ 18 , 19 ]. Phylogenetic analyses, based on influenza HA genes, demonstrated that HPAI H5Nx viruses isolated in poultry farms during the first wave in Taiwan were closely related to two Japanese isolates identified from wild birds in late 2014 ( S6A and S6B Fig ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three subtypes of HPAI virus, including Eurasian lineage of H5N2, H5N8 and H5N3, were detected unprecedentedly during the same wave of outbreaks [ 18 ]. In 2017, a second wave of HPAI poultry farm outbreaks occurred and a new subtype, H5N6, was detected [ 19 ]. Even though all the necessary control measures were implemented during the outbreaks in Taiwan, two new subtypes of H5Nx, H5N2 and H5N8, were shown to be particularly difficult to eliminate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Ecological factors associated with persistent circulation of multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses among poultry farms in Taiwan during 2015-17

Liang

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Emergence and intercontinental spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) H5Nx virus clade 2.3.4.4 has resulted in substantial economic losses to the poultry industry in Asia, Europe, and North America. The long-distance migratory birds have been suggested to play a major role in the global spread of avian influenza viruses during this wave of panzootic outbreaks since 2013. Poultry farm epidemics caused by multiple introduction of different HPAI novel subtypes of clade 2.3.4.4 viruses also occurred in Taiwan between 2015 and 2017. The mandatory and active surveillance detected H5N3 and H5N6 circulation in 2015 and 2017, respectively, while H5N2 and H5N8 were persistently identified in poultry farms since their first arrival in 2015. This study intended to assess the importance of various ecological factors contributed to the persistence of HPAI during three consecutive years. We used satellite technology to identify the location of waterfowl flocks. Four risk factors consistently showed strong association with the spatial clustering of H5N2 and H5N8 circulations during 2015 and 2017, including high poultry farm density (aOR:17.46, 95%CI: 5.91–74.86 and 8.23, 95% CI: 2.12–54.86 in 2015 and 2017, respectively), poultry heterogeneity index (aOR of 12.28, 95%CI: 5.02–31.14 and 2.79, 95%CI: 1.00–7.69, in 2015 and 2017, respectively), non-registered waterfowl flock density (aOR: 6.8, 95%CI: 3.41–14.46 and 9.17, 95%CI: 3.73–26.20, in 2015 and 2017, respectively) and higher percentage of cropping land coverage (aOR of 1.36, 95%CI: 1.10–1.69 and 1.04, 95%CI: 1.02–1.07, in 2015 and 2017, respectively). Our study highlights the application of remote sensing and clustering analysis for the identification and characterization of environmental factors in facilitating and contributing to the persistent circulation of certain subtypes of H5Nx in poultry farms in Taiwan.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecological factors associated with persistent circulation of multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses among poultry farms in Taiwan during 2015-17

Liang

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These emergent H5 viruses included the Eurasian lineage of H5N2, H5N8 and H5N3, which all caused high mortality in geese [ 7 ]. Soon after this episode, another novel HPAIV (H5N6) was detected in a dead duck, and this strain caused sporadic outbreaks throughout 2017 [ 8 ]. Such continuous evolution and emergence of new subtypes along with sustained transmission of AIVs in the domestic poultry industry creates a need to continuously monitor the status of H5 epidemics and to better understand the pathogenic mechanisms of these viruses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A variant NS1 protein from H5N2 avian influenza virus suppresses PKR activation and promotes replication and virulence in mammals

Chung

Kuan

Liao

et al. 2022

Emerging Microbes & Infections

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) frequently receive global attention as threats to public health. The NS1 protein is a key virulence factor known to impair host antiviral responses. The study herein revealed HPAIV H5N2 NS gene encoded additional protein; a truncated NS1 variant, designated NS3, produced by alternative splicing of the NS transcript. To examine the function of NS3 during infection, we generated recombinant viruses expressing either full-length NS1 (RG-AIV-T375G) or NS3 (RG-AIV-NS3). Interestingly, RG-AIV-NS3 virus produced higher titres than RG-AIV-T375G in multiple mammalian cell lines. However, RG-AIV-T375G exhibited a replication advantage over RG-AIV-NS3 in chicken DF-1 cells, indicating that host cell identity dictates the effect of NS3 on viral replication. In mice and mammalian cells, RG-AIV-NS3 infection elicited higher level of cytokines, including IFN-β, MX and TNF-α, potentially due to its higher replication activity. Based on mini-genome assay, NS3 had pronounced effects on viral replication machinery. Surprisingly, NS3 retained an interaction with PKR and suppressed PKR activation despite its lack of amino-acid residues 126-167. The poor replication ability of RG-AIV-T375G was partially restored in cells deficient in PKR suggesting that full-length NS1 may be insufficient to suppress PKR function. Notably, virulence of the full-length NS1-expressing RG-AIV-T375G virus was highly attenuated in mice when compared to RG-AIV-NS3. In summary, our study reveals the existence and function of a previously unidentified H5N2 viral protein, NS3. We found that NS3 is functionally distinct from NS1 protein, as it enhances viral replication and pathogenicity in mammalian systems, potentially via suppression of PKR activity.

show abstract

“…Of much concern,2.3.4.4 H5N8 and 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses of this "H5Nx" complex have become predominant and been diversifying into four distinct genetic groups, A, B, C, and D of worldwide dispersion (Bi et al, 2016;Lee et al, 2017;Si et al, 2017). Group A and B comprising H5N8 emerged in countries of North Asia and North America (Japan, Korea, Taiwan, China, Canada, the United States) in 2013-2015 are moving to Europe in recent years (Pohlmann et al, 2019;King et al, 2020); Group C and D of H5N1 and H5N6 viruses were identified in China, Laos, Vietnam in 2013-2014, recently in Vietnam, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Russia (Lee et al, 2017;Chen et al, 2017;Takemae et al, 2017;Nguyen et al, 2017;Nguyen et al, 2019a, b;Susloparov et al, 2019;Baek et al, 2020). According to the number of H5N6 viruses clustered in each group, Group C and Group D are designated as Major and Minor groups in the phylogenetic tree construction (Bi et al, 2016;Takemae et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary characterization of clades 2.3.4.4 H5N6 and 2.3.2.1c H5N1 HPAI viruses in Vietnam (2013–2019) revealed distinct reassortants from distant spillovers

Nam

Nguyen

Hà

et al. 2022

Vietnam J. Biotechnol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx viruses have continually undergone multiple evolutionary dynamics for the generation of various clades, subclades, and genotypes where 2.3.2.2c, and 2.3.4.4 become predominant and co-circulating in Vietnam from 2014 to date. In this study, fifteen H5 sequences in our study and 90 from others from different clades, 0, 1, 1.1, 2.3.2.1a, 2.3.2.1c, 2.3.4, 2.3.4.1, 2.3.4.2, 2.3.4.3 and 2.3.4.4 of H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, were characterized for hemagglutinin (HA) properties, genetic and phylogenetic analyses. Blast searching using the dataset of the full length of two H5N6 viruses revealed one strain, e.g., A/Duck/Vietnam/HT7/2014(H5N6) in May 2014, belonging to the Sichuan 2014-lineage of Group D (Minor). The other strain, A/Chicken/Vietnam/NT3/2017(H5N6)/or CkNT3-2017 in the Spring of 2017, belonged to the Japanese-Korean late 2016-cluster of Group C (Major). This cluster possessed 140NHETS-145del stretch of Leucine/Serine deletion at position 145 in HA1 (S/L145del), distinct from all the 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses known to date. There has been no report of the similar CkNT3-2017 of 2.3.4.4 reassortant in Vietnam prior to our study. The migration flyway might be the route for transportation of this novel H5N6 virus from Japan to Vietnam. In addition, the topology revealed another novel subclade of H5N6 (2018–2019) possibly, of the Vietnamese internal reassortments. The “H5Nx” viruses in Vietnam, in fact, have continually undergone multiple evolutionary processes in parallel with those lineages in China and East-Asia. Variations at the key sites in HA and altered genetic characteristics in novel HPAI H5Nx viruses in Vietnam present a caution for the vaccination program and the risk for human infection.

show abstract

Reassortant Clade 2.3.4.4 of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus, Taiwan, 2017

Cited by 7 publications

References 9 publications

Ecological factors associated with persistent circulation of multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses among poultry farms in Taiwan during 2015-17

Ecological factors associated with persistent circulation of multiple highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses among poultry farms in Taiwan during 2015-17

A variant NS1 protein from H5N2 avian influenza virus suppresses PKR activation and promotes replication and virulence in mammals

Evolutionary characterization of clades 2.3.4.4 H5N6 and 2.3.2.1c H5N1 HPAI viruses in Vietnam (2013–2019) revealed distinct reassortants from distant spillovers

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About