Reassessing the Marijuana Gateway Effect

Morral, Andrew R.; McCaffrey, Daniel F.; Paddock, Susan M.

doi:10.1037/e741632011-008

Cited by 96 publications

(136 citation statements)

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“…Data from research studies of the correlates of substance use disorders are consistent with this concept (Fagan, 1990). Specifically, the onset of a substance use disorder is associated with a higher propensity for more severe forms of substance use, including polydrug use (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Ellickson et al, 2004;Newcomb et al, 2001) and use of "hard drugs" (e.g., cocaine and heroin) (Chaiken and Chaiken, 1990;Ellickson et al, 2004;Morral et al, 2002). Severe forms of substance use, in turn, are associated with impulse control problems (Cunningham, 2004), and may motivate participation in drug selling and other crimes in order to obtain drugs or money to purchase drugs (Fagan, 1990;Nurco, 1998).…”

Section: Substance Use Disorders and Incarceration Riskmentioning

confidence: 56%

Impacts of age of onset of substance use disorders on risk of adult incarceration among disadvantaged urban youth: A propensity score matching approach

Slade¹,

Stuart²,

Salkever³

et al. 2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background-Age of onset of substance use disorders in adolescence and early adulthood could be associated with higher rates of adult criminal incarceration in the U.S., but evidence of these associations is scarce.Methods-Propensity score matching was used to estimate the association between adolescentonset substance use disorders and the rate of incarceration, as well as incarceration costs and selfreported criminal arrests and convictions, of young men predominantly from African American, lower income, urban households. Age of onset was differentiated by whether onset of the first disorder occurred by age 16.Results-Onset of a substance use disorder by age 16, but not later onset, was associated with a fourfold greater risk of adult incarceration for substance related offenses as compared to no disorder (0.35 vs. 0.09, P=0.044). Onset by age 16 and later onset were both positively associated with incarceration costs and risk of arrest and conviction, though associations with crime outcomes were more consistent with respect to onset by age 16. Results were robust to propensity score adjustment for observable predictors of substance use in adolescence and involvement in crime as an adult.Conclusion-Among young men in this high risk minority sample, having a substance use disorder by age 16 was associated with higher risk of incarceration for substance related offenses in early adulthood and with more extensive criminal justice system involvement as compared to having no disorder or having a disorder beginning at a later age.

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Section: Substance Use Disorders and Incarceration Riskmentioning

confidence: 56%

Impacts of age of onset of substance use disorders on risk of adult incarceration among disadvantaged urban youth: A propensity score matching approach

Slade¹,

Stuart²,

Salkever³

et al. 2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…In contrast, animal research can isolate the contribution of drug exposure and age from these extraneous factors. A resolution to this issue (if there is one) may help to explain why drug use during adolescence is one of the strongest predictors of drug abuse in adulthood (Kandel, Yamaguchi, & Chen, 1992) and has important ramifications for the "gateway" hypothesis of drug addiction, which is extremely controversial (Morral, McCaffrey, & Paddock, 2002).…”

Section: A Role For Animal Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal models of drug addiction: Where do we go from here?

Olmstead

2006

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Compulsion and impulsivity are both primary features of drug addiction. Based on decades of animal research, we have a detailed understanding of the factors (both environmental and physiological) that influence compulsive drug use, but still know relatively little about the impulsive aspects of drug addiction. This review outlines our current knowledge of the relationship between impulsivity and drug addiction, focusing on cognitive and motor impulsivity, which are particularly relevant to this disorder. Topics to be discussed include the influence of chronic drug administration on impulsivity, the mechanisms that may explain drug-induced impulsivity, and the role of individual differences in the development of impulsive drug use. In addition, the manner in which contemporary theories of drug addiction conceptualize the relationship between impulsivity and compulsion is examined. Most importantly, this review emphasizes a critical role for animal research in understanding the role of impulsivity in the development and maintenance of drug addiction.

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“…Although there is still a debate on its causal link to other substances (7,8), cannabis is frequently regarded as a getaway to other forms of illicit drug use (9,10). This increased risk of later drug-related problems is of particular concern among individuals where the first experience with drug occurs before mid-adolescence (11,12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Lifetime Cannabis Use among Czech School-aged Children from 2002 to 2014.

Kážmér¹,

Csémy²,

Ružbarská³

et al. 2017

Cent Eur J Public Health

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SUMMARYObjective: The aim of the study was to examine trends in the prevalence of lifetime cannabis use among the Czech 15-year old students. Methods: Data from the nationally representative Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Survey, conducted in the Czech Republic in 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014, were used. Trends in cannabis use among both boys and girls were modelled through binary logistic regression with period as a predictor of the lifetime cannabis use.Results: The prevalence of lifetime cannabis use has significantly decreased among young Czechs, particularly among boys. Gender differences in cannabis use have been also gradually decreasing since 2002, with no significant differences between genders in recent period.Conclusions: Although there are positive changes in the prevalence of adolescent cannabis use, from the European perspective, Czech students still belong to those with significantly higher rates in this respect. Thus, alongside with the use of other substances, adolescent cannabis consumption remains an important challenge for the national public health policy.

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Reassessing the Marijuana Gateway Effect

Cited by 96 publications

References 0 publications

Impacts of age of onset of substance use disorders on risk of adult incarceration among disadvantaged urban youth: A propensity score matching approach

Impacts of age of onset of substance use disorders on risk of adult incarceration among disadvantaged urban youth: A propensity score matching approach

Animal models of drug addiction: Where do we go from here?

Trends in Lifetime Cannabis Use among Czech School-aged Children from 2002 to 2014.

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