Reality and Future of Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Tao, Haisheng; Feng, Zhou; Líu, Hao; Kan, Xianwen; Chen, P.

doi:10.2174/1874088x01105010204

Cited by 44 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 135 publications

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“…Although, lithium-ion batteries are widely commercialized and are more popular for portable units such as cell phones and laptops, there are still limitations and needs improvement [1]. Many efforts have been made to search for new cathode materials that could potentially satisfy the market for high demand portable electronic devices and electric vehicle technology [2][3][4]. Among the cathode materials investigated, lithium manganese oxides have been exploited due to the abundance of Mn in earth, low toxicity and safety [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical performance of Al-substituted Li2MnO3

Torres-Castro

Shojan

Julien

et al. 2015

Materials Science and Engineering: B

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a b s t r a c tLi 2 MnO 3 is known to be electrochemically inactive due to Mn in tetravalent oxidation state. Several compositions such as Li 2 MnO 3 , Li 1.5 Al 0.17 MnO 3 , Li 1.0 Al 0.33 MnO 3 and Li 0.5 Al 0.5 MnO 3 were synthesized by a sol-gel Pechini method. All the samples were characterized with XRD, Raman, XPS, SEM, Tap density and BET analyzer. XRD patterns indicated the presence of monoclinic phase for pristine Li 2 MnO 3 and mixed monoclinic/spinel phases (Li 2 − x Mn 1 − y Al x + y O 3 + z ) for Al-substituted Li 2 MnO 3 compounds. The Al substitution seems to occur both at Li and Mn sites, which could explain the presence of spinel phase. XPS analysis for Mn 2p orbital reveals a significant decrease in binding energy for Li 1.0 Al 0.33 MnO 3 and Li 0.5 Al 0.5 MnO 3 compounds. Cyclic voltammetry, charge/discharge cycles and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were also performed. A discharge capacity of 24 mAh g −1 for Li 2 MnO 3 , 68 mAh g −1 for Li 1.5 Al 0.17 MnO 3 , 58 mAh g −1 for Li 1.0 Al 0.33 MnO 3 and 74 mAh g −1 for Li 0.5 Al 0.5 MnO 3 were obtained. Aluminum substitutions increased the formation of spinel phase which is responsible for cycling.Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical performance of Al-substituted Li2MnO3

Torres-Castro

Shojan

Julien

et al. 2015

Materials Science and Engineering: B

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“…The values of the specifi c surface area were obtained by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method and the anatase phase was confi rmed for all samples by X-ray diffraction (Supporting Information Figure S1). [ 2 ] In addition to the high energy and power density, LIBs offer other important advantages such as long cyclability [ 3 ] or slow self-discharge. During the memory writing cycle, the oxidation process was interrupted at a certain SOC.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 7 ] Instead, they "switch" spontaneously from one phase to another when the critical Li-ions content is reached and this transformation takes place at once within the entire particle. [ 2 ] In addition to the high energy and power density, LIBs offer other important advantages such as long cyclability [ 3 ] or slow self-discharge. [ 2 ] In addition to the high energy and power density, LIBs offer other important advantages such as long cyclability [ 3 ] or slow self-discharge.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Specific Surface Area on the Memory Effect in Li‐Ion Batteries: The Case of Anatase TiO₂

Madej

Mantia

Schuhmann

et al. 2014

Advanced Energy Materials

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solid electrolyte interphase. On the other hand, increasing the surface area shortens the length of Li-ion diffusion pathways and decreases the Ohmic drop within the material. The mechanism and properties of Li-ion (de-)intercalation for TiO 2 was shown to be dependent on the particle size for some materials. [ 7,8 ] It was proposed that both Li-rich and Li-poor phases cannot co-exist within one TiO 2 particle for particle sizes below a certain value, [ 7 ] which could infl uence the potential memory effect. These facts suggest the question: If the memory effect could be one of those particle size dependent properties?Here, we reveal the presence of a memory effect in anatase TiO 2 , showing that other active materials, beside LiFePO 4 , may suffer from a memory effect in LIBs. We also demonstrate that the memory effect in anatase TiO 2 is dependent on the specifi c surface area. Namely, increasing the surface area of the TiO 2 material leads to a decrease in the memory effect, which is practically disappearing for the particles with a very high specifi c surface area (300 m 2 g −1 ).We prepared seven samples of anatase TiO 2 with different specifi c surface areas (referred to as TiO 2 _ X , where X is the specifi c surface area of 10, 60, 95, 130, 180, 240, and 300 m 2 g −1 ). The values of the specifi c surface area were obtained by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method and the anatase phase was confi rmed for all samples by X-ray diffraction (Supporting Information Figure S1). For the evaluation of the memory effect in these samples, we followed the electrochemical procedure as suggested by Sasaki et al., [ 5 ] which consists of applying three subsequent cycles: a normal (de-)intercalation cycle, a memory writing cycle and a memory releasing cycle ( Figure 1 a). During the memory writing cycle, the oxidation process was interrupted at a certain SOC. In the next memory releasing step the sample was cycled within the normal potential range, i.e., 3 V to 1 V in our case, and the memory effect was revealed if occurred. For all examined materials, the memory effect was observed in the memory releasing cycle. It appeared as a bump in the plateau on Li-ion de-intercalation occurring at a similar SOC at which the memory writing cycle was stopped (Figure 1 b,c) similarly as in case of LiFePO 4 . [ 5 ] Here, we defi ne the magnitude of the memory effect as a difference (in mV) between the potential of the maximum of the memory effect bump and the potential at that SOC during the normal cycle (Figure 1 a). Figure 1 presents the data for TiO 2 _95 cycled at C/3 rate, but similar behavior was observed for each examined sample (Supporting Information Figure S2a-f).It is known that the two phases do not coexist within one particle during the phase transformation for some of the materials with very small particles. [ 7 ] Instead, they "switch" spontaneously from one phase to another when the critical Li-ions content is reached and this transformation takes place at once within the entire particle. The phase transformation results...

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“…The most common material for commercial Li-ion batteries is LiCoO 2 with layered structure of α-NaFeO 2 , though high cost and toxicity of Co compounds are the disadvantages of this material [1,2]. Another commercially available material, spinel-structured LiMn 2 O 4 , is much cheaper and less toxic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of stable phases of the Li–Mn–Co oxide system at 800 °C under ambient oxygen pressure

Shpak

Swamy

Dittmer

et al. 2015

J Solid State Electrochem

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The synthesis method of lithiated d-metal oxides using molten formate mixtures as precursors has been developed and the isothermal (800°C) cross section of pseudo ternary Li-Mn-Co oxide system under ambient oxygen pressure has been investigated by XRD, 7 Li NMR, and galvanostatic electrochemical methods. Special attention has been paid to the compositions inside the quadrangle restricted by solid solutions LiCoO 2 -LiCo 0.85 Mn 0.15 O 2 with the layered structure of α-NaFeO 2 and solid solutions LiMn 2 O 4 -LiMnCoO 4 with the structure of spinel. It was found that, depending on the composition, three types of equilibrium phases could be formed: spinels Li[Li,Mn,Co] 2 O 4 with a part of Li atoms in octahedral sites, cation-deficit layered compounds Li 1 − δ [Co,Mn]O 2 , and Li 2 MnO 3 . Areas of (co)existence of these phases were plotted on the composition plane of the pseudo-ternary Li-Mn-Co system. Electrochemical properties of the compositions inside the quadrangle LiCoO 2 -LiCo 0.85 Mn 0.15 O 2 -LiMn 2 O 4 -LiMnCoO 4 are determined by the content and average oxidation number of Mn atoms, which is higher than in the normal spinels Li[Mn, Co] 2 O 4 . Thus, the specific capacities of the polyphase compositions are lower in comparison with the binary solid solutions Li[Mn,Co] 2 O 4 or pure LiCoO 2 .

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Reality and Future of Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Cited by 44 publications

References 135 publications

Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical performance of Al-substituted Li2MnO3

Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical performance of Al-substituted Li2MnO3

Impact of the Specific Surface Area on the Memory Effect in Li‐Ion Batteries: The Case of Anatase TiO₂

Formation of stable phases of the Li–Mn–Co oxide system at 800 °C under ambient oxygen pressure

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Reality and Future of Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Cited by 44 publications

References 135 publications

Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical performance of Al-substituted Li2MnO3

Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical performance of Al-substituted Li2MnO3

Impact of the Specific Surface Area on the Memory Effect in Li‐Ion Batteries: The Case of Anatase TiO2

Formation of stable phases of the Li–Mn–Co oxide system at 800 °C under ambient oxygen pressure

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Impact of the Specific Surface Area on the Memory Effect in Li‐Ion Batteries: The Case of Anatase TiO₂