Real World Map Reading Strategies

Perkins, Chris; Gardiner, Ann

doi:10.1179/000870403225012970

Cited by 31 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…On another level, the fact that there could be differences between different blind users according to their previous experience with tactile devices and tactile reading strategies seems to have been confirmed, following previous studies that emphasize the importance of the reading strategies and accumulated experience in exploring a tactile device (Blades et al, 2010;Cryer & Gunn, 2008;Lillo-Jover, 1992;Perkins & Gardiner, 2003).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…As the Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB) mentions, one good basic practice is to scan a tactile map with more than one hand and/or finger (Cryer & Gunn, 2008). Employing this haptic strategy enables users to establish an optimum interaction with a tactile device as long as the information it offers is correctly encoded (Blades, Ungar, & Spencer, 2010;Lillo-Jover, 1992;Perkins & Gardiner, 2003). Generally, blind users assimilate these gestures through their personal experience as part of their own individual learning process.…”

Section: The Influence Of Haptic Reading Strategies To Gather Tactilementioning

confidence: 99%

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Three-dimensional tactile symbols produced by 3D Printing: Improving the process of memorizing a tactile map key

Gual

Cazorla

Lloverás

2014

British Journal of Visual Impairment

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Abstract[AQ2]The aim of this article is to determine whether the process of memorizing a tactile map key, or legend, can be improved by including three-dimensional (3D) symbols produced by means of 3D Printing. The method used in this study involved asking a group of 20 volunteers with different profiles to memorize eight tactile symbols from two keys, each of which had different characteristics: Key 2 included 3D tactile symbols and Key 1 had only two-dimensional (2D) tactile symbols. Results show statistically significant differences between the two keys. Use of Key 2 yielded a 48.72% reduction in the number of errors compared to Key 1 (N = 20, pvalue = .014). These data show that combining 3D with flat relief symbols (2D) improves the process of memorizing a tactile key because the 3D attributes can be distinguished from the 2D features by touch. For practitioners, this article provides data about the possibilities of 3D Printing applied to tactile maps, keys, and symbols. KeywordsTactile key, tactile map, tactile symbol, visual impairment ObjectiveThe aim of this article is to analyse whether including three-dimensional (3D) symbols in the key of a tactile map enables users to improve their ability to memorize it. With this objective in mind, the researchers compared two different legends: one in which the symbols were arranged in a

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: The Influence Of Haptic Reading Strategies To Gather Tactilementioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional tactile symbols produced by 3D Printing: Improving the process of memorizing a tactile map key

Gual

Cazorla

Lloverás

2014

British Journal of Visual Impairment

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“…Finally, BVI users tended to perform better than their sighted peers when using both hands (Morash et al, 2013(Morash et al, , 2014. In studies employing more complex map-reading tasks, two hands were found to be beneficial but only one was employed for map exploration, while the other hand (or finger) was used as a fixed ''anchor'' on the map or its edge (Perkins and Gardiner, 2003). This 2-hand anchoring strategy has also been found to be useful with touchscreen-based haptic DIMs, similar to the VAM studied here, in supporting map panning operations (Palani and Giudice, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Cognitive Mapping Without Vision: Comparing Wayfinding Performance After Learning From Digital Touchscreen-Based Multimodal Maps vs. Embossed Tactile Overlays

Giudice

Guenther

Jensen

et al. 2020

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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This article starts by discussing the state of the art in accessible interactive maps for use by blind and visually impaired (BVI) people. It then describes a behavioral experiment investigating the efficacy of a new type of low-cost, touchscreen-based multimodal interface, called a vibro-audio map (VAM), for supporting environmental learning, cognitive map development, and wayfinding behavior on the basis of nonvisual sensing. In the study, eight BVI participants learned two floor-maps of university buildings, one using the VAM and the other using an analogous hardcopy tactile map (HTM) overlaid on the touchscreen. They were asked to freely explore each map, with the task of learning the entire layout and finding three hidden target locations. After meeting a learning criterion, participants performed an environmental transfer test, where they were brought to the corresponding physical layout and were asked to plan/navigate routes between learned target locations from memory, i.e., without access to the map used at learning. The results using Bayesian analyses aimed at assessing equivalence showed highly similar target localization accuracy and route efficiency performance between conditions, suggesting that the VAM supports the same level of environmental learning, cognitive map development, and wayfinding performance as is possible from interactive displays using traditional tactile map overlays. These results demonstrate the efficacy of the VAM for supporting complex spatial tasks without vision using a commercially available, low-cost interface and open the door to a new era of mobile interactive maps for spatial learning and wayfinding by BVI navigators.

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“…Este conocimiento permite reconocer la información ofrecida en un producto táctil con mayor precisión y eficacia, incluso en contextos reales (Perkins & Gardiner, 2003). Por otro lado, la diferencia entre invidentes congénitos y tardíos condiciona la familiarización con estas estrategias de lectura y también con la posibilidad de haber accedido a una memoria visual facilitadora del entendimiento de las convenciones gráficas.…”

Section: Perfil Del Usuariounclassified

Visual Impairment and urban orientation. Pilot study with tactile maps produced through 3D Printing

et al. 2012

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ResumenEl trabajo aquí expuesto presenta un estudio piloto llevado a cabo en Barcelona con personas invidentes y deficientes visuales. El objetivo del mismo ha sido analizar el uso y la eficacia de los planos táctiles producidos mediante Impresión en 3D. Para ello se han empleado entrevistas estructuradas, observación directa, realización de mapas cognitivos y tareas con prototipos. De esta manera se ha tratado de profundizar en el valor instrumental y comunicativo de estos productos a la hora de interpretar, memorizar y comprender un determinado recorrido urbano, contrastándolo con la experiencia in situ, atendiendo a las dificultades que este tipo de personas presentan a la hora de visitar nuevos lugares. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la utilidad de este tipo de técnica para memorizar recorridos por parte de este tipo de usuarios. Como limitación, el estudio muestra que los planos táctiles no resultan del todo eficientes pues precisan de apoyo verbal, hecho que dificulta su uso autónomo.Palabras clave: orientación, wayfinding, accesibilidad, dispositivos hápticos, discapacidad visual. DISCAPACIDAD VISUAL Y ORIENTACIÓN URBANA Introducción ObjetivoEl objetivo de este estudio ha sido evaluar la utilidad y eficacia de planos táctiles, producidos con Impresión en 3D y orientados al aprendizaje de un recorrido urbano por parte de personas con discapacidad visual. AntecedentesEste estudio se contextualiza dentro de la filosofía de diseño inclusivo, estrechamente ligada al concepto de usabilidad. En el marco de diseño de productos, se entiende como usabilidad, según las normas ISO 13407 de la International Organization for Standardization, el ámbito en el cual un producto puede ser utilizado por usuarios específicos con el fin de conseguir objetivos específicos tales como eficacia, eficiencia y satisfacción en contextos concretos de uso (AENOR, 2000).Hay que señalar que la utilidad de este tipo de dispositivos, en lo relativo a planos en relieve para facilitar la movilidad, orientación espacial y la autonomía de usuarios invidentes y con deficiencia visual, queda fuera de duda según diversos estudios (Blades, Ungar & Spencer, 2010;Lillo, 1992;Spencer & Travis, 1985). Por regla general estos estudios se relacionan, por un lado, con el concepto de wayfinding (Golledge, 1992), como la ruta aprendida necesaria para la orientación de las personas y, por otro, con el concepto de mapa cognitivo o representación mental del entorno (Jacobson, 1998). Así, los mapas táctiles son facilitadores del conocimiento espacial y, en una dimensión más concreta, son recursos para el aprendizaje de un recorrido determinado del medio urbano.La experiencia que muestra este artículo se relaciona de un modo directo con la estudio de Caddeo, Fornara, Nenci y Pirodi (2006), sobretodo, por el uso de metodologías de carácter cualitativo, la realización in situ del recorrido por parte de los usuarios interesados y el empleo de videograbación para el registro de las pruebas. En el estudio de Caddeo DISCAPACIDAD VISUAL Y ORIENTACIÓN URBANA parti...

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Real World Map Reading Strategies

Cited by 31 publications

References 3 publications

Three-dimensional tactile symbols produced by 3D Printing: Improving the process of memorizing a tactile map key

Three-dimensional tactile symbols produced by 3D Printing: Improving the process of memorizing a tactile map key

Cognitive Mapping Without Vision: Comparing Wayfinding Performance After Learning From Digital Touchscreen-Based Multimodal Maps vs. Embossed Tactile Overlays

Visual Impairment and urban orientation. Pilot study with tactile maps produced through 3D Printing

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