Real-time ultra-sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 by quasi-freestanding epitaxial graphene-based biosensor

Kim, Soaram; Ryu, Heeju; Tai, Sheldon; Pedowitz, Michael; Rzasa, John R.; Pennachio, Daniel J.; Hajzus, Jenifer R.; Milton, Donald K.; Myers-Ward, Rachael L.; Daniels, Kevin M.

doi:10.1016/j.bios.2021.113803

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Other SARS-CoV-2 assays with different readouts than SERS have demonstrated to be extremely specific and sensitive. For example, S. Kim et al, reported electrical transduction of the spike protein onto a bilayer quasi-freestanding epitaxial graphene with immunodetection concentrations as low as 1 ag/ml 49 . S. Mavrikou et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled nano-agglomerates as stabile SERS reporters for unequivocal labelling

Xiao

Mir‐Simon

Rivera-Gil

2022

Sci Rep

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Biosensors, especially those with a SERS readout, are required for an early and precise healthcare diagnosis. Unreproducible SERS platforms hamper clinical SERS. Here we report a synthetic procedure to obtain stabile, reproducible and robust highly-SERS performing nanocomposites for labelling. We controlled the NPs agglomeration and codification which resulted in an increased number of hot spots, thus exhibiting reproducible and superior Raman enhancement. We studied fundamental aspects affecting the plasmonic thiol bond resulting in pH exhibiting a determining role. We validated their biosensing performance by designing a SERS-based detection assay model for SARS-CoV-2. The limit of detection of our assay detecting the spike RBD was below 10 ng/mL.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled nano-agglomerates as stabile SERS reporters for unequivocal labelling

Xiao

Mir‐Simon

Rivera-Gil

2022

Sci Rep

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“…The consistency between the detection results and real‐time fluorescence quantitative PCR was 100% 57 . SARS‐CoV‐2 S1 spike protein antibodies immobilized on graphene material can capture 60 copies/mL of the virus by electrical transduction in midturbinate swabs and exhaled breath aerosol samples 58 . The B.1.1.7 mutant can be detected at 400–8000 copies/ml of the virus 58 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“… 57 SARS‐CoV‐2 S1 spike protein antibodies immobilized on graphene material can capture 60 copies/mL of the virus by electrical transduction in midturbinate swabs and exhaled breath aerosol samples. 58 The B.1.1.7 mutant can be detected at 400–8000 copies/ml of the virus. 58 Furthermore, the detection reagent can be reused after elution by NaCl solution or heat treatment above 40°C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 58 Furthermore, the detection reagent can be reused after elution by NaCl solution or heat treatment above 40°C. 58 Amazing, Carbon nanotube field‐effect transistor (CNT‐FET)‐based biosensor for rapid detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 surface spike protein S1 with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.12 fg/ml. 59 Even more surprising, integrating PCR‐free amplification and synergistic sensing for ultrasensitive and rapid CRISPR/Cas12a‐based SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen assays can detect SARS‐CoV‐2 at the single‐virus level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance and application evaluation of SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen assay

Shao

Meng

2022

Journal of Medical Virology

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) nucleic acid detection is the gold standard for the laboratory diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). However, this method has high requirements for practitioners' skills and testing sites, so it is not easy to popularize and promote the application in places other than large hospitals. In addition, the detection flux of SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleic acid is small, and the whole detection process takes much time, which cannot meet the actual needs of rapid screening in large quantities. The WHO conditionally approved a batch of SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen reagents for clinical application to alleviate this contradiction. SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen detection offers a trade‐off among clinical performance, speed and accessibility. With the gradual increase in clinical application, the accumulated clinical data show that the sensitivity and specificity of the SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen assay are over 80% and 97%, respectively, which can basically meet the requirements of the WHO. However, the sensitivity of the SARS‐CoV‐2 Antigen Assay among asymptomatic people in low prevalence areas of COVID‐19 cannot meet the standard, leading to a large number of missed diagnoses. In addition, the detection ability of SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen reagent for different SARS‐CoV‐2 mutant strains differs greatly, especially for those escaping the COVID‐19 vaccines. In terms of results interpretation, it is highly reliable to exclude SARS‐CoV‐2 infection based on the high negative predictive value of the SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen assay. However, in the low prevalence environment, the probability of false positives of the SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen assay is high, so the positive results need to be confirmed by the SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleic acid reagent. The SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen assay is only a supplement to SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleic acid detection and can never completely replace it. To date, SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleic acid detection continues to be the standard laboratory method for COVID‐19 diagnosis.

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“…For intercalated EG, a shift to lower binding energy is known to occur for the C 1s Si-C and Si 2p peaks due to a difference in surface band bending after intercalation [ 39 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. Therefore, the spectra for hydrogen-intercalated QFS bilayer EG were shifted to the position of the C 1s SiC peak at 282.6 eV [ 39 , 44 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modifications of Epitaxial Graphene on SiC for the Electrochemical Detection and Identification of Heavy Metal Salts in Seawater

Hajzus

Shriver‐Lake

Dean

et al. 2022

Sensors

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The electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions is reported using an inexpensive portable in-house built potentiostat and epitaxial graphene. Monolayer, hydrogen-intercalated quasi-freestanding bilayer, and multilayer epitaxial graphene were each tested as working electrodes before and after modification with an oxygen plasma etch to introduce oxygen chemical groups to the surface. The graphene samples were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and van der Pauw Hall measurements. Dose–response curves in seawater were evaluated with added trace levels of four heavy metal salts (CdCl2, CuSO4, HgCl2, and PbCl2), along with detection algorithms based on machine learning and library development for each form of graphene and its oxygen plasma modification. Oxygen plasma-modified, hydrogen-intercalated quasi-freestanding bilayer epitaxial graphene was found to perform best for correctly identifying heavy metals in seawater.

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Real-time ultra-sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 by quasi-freestanding epitaxial graphene-based biosensor

Cited by 30 publications

References 58 publications

Controlled nano-agglomerates as stabile SERS reporters for unequivocal labelling

Controlled nano-agglomerates as stabile SERS reporters for unequivocal labelling

Performance and application evaluation of SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen assay

Modifications of Epitaxial Graphene on SiC for the Electrochemical Detection and Identification of Heavy Metal Salts in Seawater

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