Real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation of the association of bicuspid aortic valve and mitral posterior leaflet hypoplasia

Hypoplastic posterior mitral valve leaflet: A case report and review of the literature

“…From other associated cardiac anomalies that were reported with these cases, aortic valve regurgitation and stenosis with bicuspid valve, and 2 cases with atrial septal defect (current case and Heper et al), 1 with Williams syndrome, and 1 with congenital anomaly of the lungs. Surgical repair of the mitral valve with or without chordal transfer was performed if it was technically feasible . In 5 cases, where mitral valve repair was not feasible, mitral valve was surgically replaced with a biological prosthetic valve .…”

“…While varying degrees of mitral insufficiency were reported in all patients, only 11 (53%) patients had a detectable systolic murmur which was associated with the presence of severe regurgitation of mitral valve. Frank pulmonary edema was reported in 2 (10%) patients, and documented pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed in one patient; however, there was no reliable information regarding the presence of milder forms of pulmonary congestion from all available reports.…”

“…As shown in Table , the majority of clinical signs and symptoms, as well as electrocardiographic finding in these patients, were directly related to the severity of the mitral valve insufficiency. Left atrial enlargement was present in most (64%) of symptomatic patients and those who had more than moderate degrees of mitral regurgitation . In 4 patients (36%), atrial fibrillation was detected as a part of the reentry phenomenon secondary to the atrial dilatation.…”

“…Left atrial enlargement was present in most (64%) of symptomatic patients and those who had more than moderate degrees of mitral regurgitation. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] In 4 patients (36%), atrial fibrillation was detected as a part of the reentry phenomenon secondary to the atrial dilatation. All patients underwent either transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography.…”

“…Surgical repair of the mitral valve with or without chordal transfer was performed if it was technically feasible. 3,5,6,13 In 5 cases, where mitral valve repair was not feasible, mitral valve was surgically replaced with a biological prosthetic valve. 7,10,11,14,15 All of the surgical procedures were performed successfully with no postoperative reported complications and patients often reported the absence of the initial symptoms on regular follow-up.…”