Real-Time TEM Imaging of the Formation of Crystalline Nanoscale Gaps

Laser-induced ultrafast spin current pulses: a thermodynamic approach

“…However, the pure spin current generated by the laser-excited ferromagnet does not generate an Oersted field, which simplifies the dynamics [44]. In addition, the time structure of the laser generated spin current pulses reaches the femtosecond time scale, which is not achievable for electrically driven devices.…”

A training effect on electrical properties in nanoscale BiFeO3

“…The fluctuations arising out of electric field induced defect migration and/or metastability of phases [2,3], influence the electrical, magnetic, and optical properties significantly [4]. Several authors have already reported influence of electromigration on electrical properties in both metallic and oxide nanosized systems and have resorted to measurements such as relaxation of the conductivity, noise spectra [5], to even direct imaging of defect migration by transmission electron, scanning tunneling or atomic force microscopy [6,7,8]. While electromigration of defects in nanoscale interconnects or thin film surfaces leads to destabilization and even failure, it can also train the sample by healing the stress developed otherwise [9].…”

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Imaging of Electromigration in Platinum Nanowires

“…Feedback-controlled electromigration has been developed to get a better control of gap formation, whereby the current is reduced or switched off as soon as a sudden change in resistance is measured~Strachan et al Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy~TEM! imaging have been used to probe the gap formation with a high spatial resolution~Heersche et al, Strachan et al, 2008!. A temperature rise during electromigration has also been reported~Esen & Fuhrer, 2005;Taychatanapat et al, 2007!. Previous publications on the imaging of nanogaps have focused on the electromigration of gold nanowires because gold is often used in molecular electronics~Park et al, 1999;Heersche et al, 2007!. Recently, platinum~Pt!…”