“…With the rapid development of computer science, spectroscopy, sensing technology, materials science, and other disciplines, researchers have developed three types of nondestructive testing techniques for freshness by detecting and analyzing the appearance characteristics (El Barbri, Llobet, El Bari, Correig, & Bouchikhi, 2008; Taheri‐Garavand, Fatahi, Banan, & Makino, 2019; W. Wang et al, 2013; Zaragozá et al, 2015), spectroscopic properties (Elmasry et al, 2015; Fengou et al, 2019; Herrero, Carmona, & Careche, 2004; Ren, Chai, Lu, Li, & Guo, 2014; Sivertsen, Kimiya, & Heia, 2011; H. Wang et al, 2017), and the types and contents of intrinsic chemicals during the spoilage of aquatic products (Shumilina, Ciampa, Capozzi, Rustad, & Dikiy, 2015; Tao et al, 2017; X. Yu, Wang, Wen, Yang, & Zhang, 2019): sensory evaluation, spectroscopy techniques, and electromagnetism techniques. Compared to traditional destructive testing, nondestructive testing technology offers a variety of advantages, such as avoiding sample damage, reducing time and equipment costs, enhancing automation, and meeting producer and consumer requirements for economic efficiency and safety (J. H. Cheng et al, 2013; Mathiassen, Misimi, Bondø, Veliyulin, & Østvik, 2011; X. Zhang, Zhang, Zhou, Tang, 2012).…”