Real-Time Measurement of Liquid Permittivity Through Label-Free Meandered Microwave Sensor

Kiani, Sina; Rezaei, Pejman; Fakhr, Mina

doi:10.1080/03772063.2023.2231875

Cited by 27 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…In one study, a resonant sensor with an operating frequency of 9 GHz and a quality factor (Qu) of 240 was proposed to measure the dielectric constant that changes with glucose concentration, which was validated on four volunteers by comparing noninvasive and invasive blood samples 7 . Similarly, a label-free meandered sensor was implemented on an RO4003 substrate with an operating frequency of 6.21 GHz and a Qu factor of 506 to measure glucose from a glucose aqueous solution, where a sensitivity of 0.64% was obtained 8 . An inverted microstrip sensor with two metalized solutions i.e., copper and silver is proposed with operating frequencies 4.50 and 4.62 GHz with Qu factor of 16.36 and 22.0 where 93.11% data points of copper tape sensor fell in zone A and Zone B whereas 6.89% data points fall in zone D of CEG which is clinically unacceptable whereas for the silver tape sensor, 85.19% fall in zones A & B and 3.70% in zone C and 11.11% in zone D which is clinically unacceptable and thus cannot be implemented in real time 9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the studies discussed are not executed in real time 11 , 15 , and a few of them are executed on blood samples 8 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 15 , which is a major limitation. Executing studies on real-time blood samples and comparing them with non-invasive sensors will allow us to understand whether any interference from biological differences in blood, susceptibility to interference from fats and proteins, and physiological conditions such as breathing, sweating, cardiac activity, and dehydration can alter the measurements due to changes in the permittivity and affect the sensitivity of the sensor 13 , 16 , 17 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of sensor system and data analytic framework for non-invasive blood glucose prediction

Rajeswari,

Vijayakumar

2024

Sci Rep

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Periodic quantification of blood glucose levels is performed using painful, invasive methods. The proposed work presents the development of a noninvasive glucose-monitoring device with two sensors, i.e., finger and wrist bands. The sensor system was designed with a near-infrared (NIR) wavelength of 940 nm emitter and a 900–1700 nm detector. This study included 101 diabetic and non-diabetic volunteers. The obtained dataset was subjected to pre-processing, exploratory data analysis (EDA), data visualization, and integration methods. Ambiguities such as the effects of skin color, ambient light, and finger pressure on the sensor were overcome in the proposed ‘niGLUC-2.0v’. niGLUC-2.0v was validated with performance metrics where accuracy of 99.02%, mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.15, mean square error (MSE) of 0.22 for finger, and accuracy of 99.96%, MAE of 0.06, MSE of 0.006 for wrist prototype with ridge regression (RR) were achieved. Bland–Altman analysis was performed, where 98% of the data points were within ± 1.96 standard deviation (SD), 100% were under zone A of the Clarke Error Grid (CEG), and statistical analysis showed p < 0.05 on evaluated accuracy. Thus, niGLUC-2.0v is suitable in the medical and personal care fields for continuous real-time blood glucose monitoring.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of sensor system and data analytic framework for non-invasive blood glucose prediction

Rajeswari,

Vijayakumar

2024

Sci Rep

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“…Several antenna configurations have been proposed, such as a leaky-wave antenna with an adjustable main-lobe angle [12], an H-plane sectoral-horn antenna [13], and a broadband bow-tie antenna [14]. As a consequence, a variety of direct modern applications are enabled, including reliable connectivity for 5G communications, thanks to the considerable gain, and measurement capabilities through the exploitation of the alteration in resonance frequency [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity Analysis of Metamaterial-Inspired SIW Focusing on Resonator Misalignment

Amanatiadis,

Salonikios,

Nitas

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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The performance of the metamaterial-inspired substrate-integrated waveguide is discussed in this work, concerning a resonator misalignment potentially caused by the fabrication process. Initially, the design parameters of the aforementioned waveguide at the X-band are presented, while its optimal operation is validated to prove the effectiveness of the apparatus. Then, various significant aspects of the polynomial chaos expansion theory are briefly introduced to facilitate the sensitivity analysis due to fabrication errors. The direction of misalignment is, firstly, investigated, while the general case is, also, considered, highlighting a notable immunity, especially at lower frequencies. Additionally, a parametric examination is conducted in terms of the fabrication tolerance, measured as a percentage of the resonator unit cell. All the required simulations are conducted utilizing the non-intrusive approach of the polynomial chaos methodology via the popular Finite-Difference Time-Domain scheme.INDEX TERMS FDTD, non-intrusive, planar waveguide, SRR, statistics.

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“…40 Other techniques used to increase sensitivity are including ratrace coupled, 41 parallel coupled, 42 phase variation, 43 GaAs monolithic microwave IC, spiral band-gap, nearfield self-injection-locked, 44 and coplanar waveguide-fed wearable antenna. [45][46][47][48][49] The introduced technique can also be used in optical sensors 50 such sensors of plasmon or graphene-based. 51,52 In some cases, gas sensors are used to design sensors for detecting liquid substances that can evaporate for example methanol or ethanol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Permittivity measurement of fluidics with high‐sensitivity by chandelier form microwave sensor

Navaei,

Rezaei

2023

Micro & Optical Tech Letters

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In this manuscript, a microwave resonance sensor (MRS) was presented composed of interdigital structure, meander structure, chandelier‐form, and T‐shaped structure. The combination of four structures results in a good electromagnetic field strength at the sensing location. It caused increased sensitivity. Due to the high use of methanol in industry, samples have been selected from this material. The samples used are methanol and water solution and place on location sensing. For measurement was used samples with 80% methanol with a permittivity of 59%–10% methanol with a permittivity of 77. Also, tissue samples including sheep, chicken and fish have been used to measure the proposed sensor. The resonance frequency of the samples changes in the range of 2.14‐1.46 GHz. The sensitivity of the presented MRS is 2.6% and the Q‐factor is 1252.

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Real-Time Measurement of Liquid Permittivity Through Label-Free Meandered Microwave Sensor

Cited by 27 publications

References 88 publications

Development of sensor system and data analytic framework for non-invasive blood glucose prediction

Development of sensor system and data analytic framework for non-invasive blood glucose prediction

Sensitivity Analysis of Metamaterial-Inspired SIW Focusing on Resonator Misalignment

Permittivity measurement of fluidics with high‐sensitivity by chandelier form microwave sensor

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