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In this paper, we present a new methodology, based on the inverse problem approach, for the determination of an unknown shear force acting on the inaccessible tip of the microcantilever, which is a key component of transverse dynamic force microscopy (TDFM). The mathematical modelling of this phenomenon leads to the inverse problem of determining the shear force g ( t ) {g(t)} acting on the inaccessible boundary x = ℓ {x=\ell} in a system governed by the variable coefficient Euler–Bernoulli equation ρ A ( x ) u t t + μ ( x ) u t + ( r ( x ) u x x + κ ( x ) u x x t ) x x = 0 , ( x , t ) ∈ ( 0 , ℓ ) × ( 0 , T ) , \rho_{A}(x)u_{tt}+\mu(x)u_{t}+(r(x)u_{xx}+\kappa(x)u_{xxt})_{xx}=0,\quad(x,t)% \in(0,\ell)\times(0,T), subject to the homogeneous initial conditions and the boundary conditions u ( 0 , t ) = u 0 ( t ) , u x ( 0 , t ) = 0 , ( u x x ( x , t ) + κ ( x ) u x x t ) x = ℓ = 0 , ( - ( r ( x ) u x x + κ ( x ) u x x t ) x ) x = ℓ = g ( t ) , u(0,t)=u_{0}(t),\quad u_{x}(0,t)=0,\quad(u_{xx}(x,t)+\kappa(x)u_{xxt})_{x=\ell% }=0,\quad\bigl{(}-(r(x)u_{xx}+\kappa(x)u_{xxt})_{x}\bigr{)}_{x=\ell}=g(t), from the final time measured output (displacement) u T ( x ) := u ( x , T ) {u_{T}(x):=u(x,T)} . We introduce the input-output map ( Φ g ) ( x ) := u ( x , T ; g ) {(\Phi g)(x):=u(x,T;g)} , g ∈ 𝒢 {g\in\mathcal{G}} , and prove that it is a compact and Lipschitz continuous linear operator. Then we introduce the Tikhonov functional J ( F ) = 1 2 ∥ Φ g - u T ∥ L 2 ( 0 , ℓ ) 2 J(F)=\frac{1}{2}\lVert\Phi g-u_{T}\rVert_{L^{2}(0,\ell)}^{2} and prove the existence of a quasi-solution of the inverse problem. We derive a gradient formula for the Fréchet gradient of the Tikhonov functional through the corresponding adjoint problem solution and prove that it is a Lipschitz continuous functional. The results of the numerical experiments clearly illustrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed approach.
In this paper, we present a new methodology, based on the inverse problem approach, for the determination of an unknown shear force acting on the inaccessible tip of the microcantilever, which is a key component of transverse dynamic force microscopy (TDFM). The mathematical modelling of this phenomenon leads to the inverse problem of determining the shear force g ( t ) {g(t)} acting on the inaccessible boundary x = ℓ {x=\ell} in a system governed by the variable coefficient Euler–Bernoulli equation ρ A ( x ) u t t + μ ( x ) u t + ( r ( x ) u x x + κ ( x ) u x x t ) x x = 0 , ( x , t ) ∈ ( 0 , ℓ ) × ( 0 , T ) , \rho_{A}(x)u_{tt}+\mu(x)u_{t}+(r(x)u_{xx}+\kappa(x)u_{xxt})_{xx}=0,\quad(x,t)% \in(0,\ell)\times(0,T), subject to the homogeneous initial conditions and the boundary conditions u ( 0 , t ) = u 0 ( t ) , u x ( 0 , t ) = 0 , ( u x x ( x , t ) + κ ( x ) u x x t ) x = ℓ = 0 , ( - ( r ( x ) u x x + κ ( x ) u x x t ) x ) x = ℓ = g ( t ) , u(0,t)=u_{0}(t),\quad u_{x}(0,t)=0,\quad(u_{xx}(x,t)+\kappa(x)u_{xxt})_{x=\ell% }=0,\quad\bigl{(}-(r(x)u_{xx}+\kappa(x)u_{xxt})_{x}\bigr{)}_{x=\ell}=g(t), from the final time measured output (displacement) u T ( x ) := u ( x , T ) {u_{T}(x):=u(x,T)} . We introduce the input-output map ( Φ g ) ( x ) := u ( x , T ; g ) {(\Phi g)(x):=u(x,T;g)} , g ∈ 𝒢 {g\in\mathcal{G}} , and prove that it is a compact and Lipschitz continuous linear operator. Then we introduce the Tikhonov functional J ( F ) = 1 2 ∥ Φ g - u T ∥ L 2 ( 0 , ℓ ) 2 J(F)=\frac{1}{2}\lVert\Phi g-u_{T}\rVert_{L^{2}(0,\ell)}^{2} and prove the existence of a quasi-solution of the inverse problem. We derive a gradient formula for the Fréchet gradient of the Tikhonov functional through the corresponding adjoint problem solution and prove that it is a Lipschitz continuous functional. The results of the numerical experiments clearly illustrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed approach.
<abstract><p>We present a new comprehensive mathematical model of the cone-shaped cantilever tip-sample interaction in Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The importance of such AFMs with cone-shaped cantilevers can be appreciated when its ability to provide high-resolution information at the nanoscale is recalled. It is an indispensable tool in a wide range of scientific and industrial fields. The interaction of the cone-shaped cantilever tip with the surface of the specimen (sample) is modeled by the damped Euler-Bernoulli beam equation $ \rho_A(x)u_{tt} $ $ +\mu(x)u_{t}+(r(x)u_{xx}+\kappa(x)u_{xxt})_{xx} = 0 $, $ (x, t)\in (0, \ell)\times (0, T) $, subject to the following initial, $ u(x, 0) = 0 $, $ u_t(x, 0) = 0 $ and boundary, $ u(0, t) = 0 $, $ u_{x}(0, t) = 0 $, $ \left (r(x)u_{xx}(x, t)+\kappa(x)u_{xxt} \right)_{x = \ell} = M(t) $, $ \left (-(r(x)u_{xx}+\kappa(x)u_{xxt})_x\right)_{x = \ell} = g(t) $ conditions, where $ M(t): = 2h\cos \theta\, g(t)/\pi $ is the moment generated by the transverse shear force $ g(t) $. Based on this model, we propose an inversion algorithm for the reconstruction of an unknown shear force in the AFM cantilever. The measured displacement $ \nu(t): = u(\ell, t) $ is used as additional data for the reconstruction of the shear force $ g(t) $. The least square functional $ J(F) = \frac{1}{2}\Vert u(\ell, \cdot)-\nu \Vert_{L^2(0, T)}^2 $ is introduced and an explicit gradient formula for the Fréchet derivative of the cost functional is derived via the weak solution of the adjoint problem. Additionally, the geometric parameters of the cone-shaped tip are explicitly contained in this formula. This enables us to construct a gradient based numerical algorithm for the reconstructions of the shear force from noise free as well as from random noisy measured output $ \nu (t) $. Computational experiments show that the proposed algorithm is very fast and robust. This creates the basis for developing a numerical "gadget" for computational experiments with generic AFMs.</p></abstract>
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