Real-time fluorescence lifetime imaging system with a 32 × 32 013μm CMOS low dark-count single-photon avalanche diode array

Li, David; Arlt, Jochen; Richardson, Julia M.; Walker, Richard; Buts, A.; Stoppa, David; Charbon, Edoardo; Henderson, Robert K.

doi:10.1364/oe.18.010257

Cited by 116 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…Simpson's rule is useful when a gated or TCSPC system only has a limited number of temporal channels. For implementations in embedded hardware similar to [15], its complexity is similar to the Romberg's rule. To test BCMM two-photon FLIM was performed on Cy5-ssDNA-GNRs (gold nanorods) labeled Hek293 cells.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast bi-exponential fluorescence lifetime imaging analysis methods

Li¹,

Yu²,

Chen³

2015

Opt. Lett.

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This version is available at https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/51183/ Strathprints is designed to allow users to access the research output of the University of Strathclyde. Unless otherwise explicitly stated on the manuscript, Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Please check the manuscript for details of any other licences that may have been applied. You may not engage in further distribution of the material for any profitmaking activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute both the url (https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/) and the content of this paper for research or private study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge.Any correspondence concerning this service should be sent to the

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fast bi-exponential fluorescence lifetime imaging analysis methods

Li¹,

Yu²,

Chen³

2015

Opt. Lett.

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“…This has changed rapidly in the past few years [7][8][9]11,15,24,25]. The only conceptual difference between ranging applications and fluorescence detection is that instead of detecting the light reflected by objects, a ToF sensor detects light emitted by fluorophores.…”

Section: Beyond Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, ToF technologies are often developed also for fluorescence and fluorescence lifetime detection [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. It is apparent that the engineering and biomedical communities may benefit from each other, and we are seeding new technologies and applications that could have significant impact on basic sciences and health care in the medium term.…”

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confidence: 99%

Beyond Range: Innovating Fluorescence Microscopy

Esposito

2012

Remote Sensing

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Time-of-Flight (ToF) technologies are developed mainly for range estimations in industrial applications or consumer products. Recently, it was realized that ToF sensors could also be used for the detection of fluorescence and of the minute changes in the nanosecond-lived electronic states of fluorescent molecules. This capability can be exploited to report on the biochemical processes occurring within living organisms. ToF technologies, therefore, provide new opportunities in molecular and cell biology, diagnostics, and drug discovery. In this short communication, the convergence of the engineering and biomedical communities onto ToF technologies and its potential impact on basic, applied and translational sciences are discussed.Keywords: Time-of-Flight (ToF); fluorescence lifetime; microscopy Converging CommunitiesIt was the summer of 2005 when in the laboratory of Fred Wouters we started the first autonomous runs of our new in-house developed high throughput fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) system. However successful that development was, one key element in allowing the biomedical community to benefit from FLIM systems, to enable the screening technologies we were pioneering [1] and to get closer to the routine application of FLIM, was still missing: replacing the expensive, comparatively fragile, and not very user-friendly, multi-channel plates used in FLIM with better technologies. The basic idea was to find a silicon-based detector capable of demodulating fluorescence signals on a bi-dimensional array of pixels. Frequent searches of primary literature returned only a few, though interesting, papers including: Nishikata et al. [2] on the development of a dedicated lock-in imager in CCD technology and, Mitchell et al. [3,4] on the adaptation of conventional CCD cameras to achieve demodulation. Unfortunately, ad hoc technologies for lock-in imaging appeared to be operating at OPEN ACCESS

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“…Since they have become available in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology [1], SPADs have been integrated in large arrays. SPAD arrays have been utilized in a variety of applications [2]: near-infrared imaging (NIRI) [3], fluorescenc lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) [4], positron emission tomography (PET) [5,6], and time-resolved Raman spectroscopy [7], to name a few. In these applications not only the light intensity but also the time of arrival the photons is measured.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement and modeling of microlenses fabricated on single-photon avalanche diode arrays for fill factor recovery

Pavia¹,

Wolf²,

Charbon³

2014

Opt. Express

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Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) imagers typically have a relatively low fill factor, i.e. a low proportion of the pixel's surface is light sensitive, due to in-pixel circuitry. We present a microlens array fabricated on a 128×128 single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) imager to enhance its sensitivity. The benefits and limitations of these light concentrators are studied for low light imaging applications. We present a new simulation software that can be used to simulate microlenses' performance under different conditions and a new non-destructive contact-less method to estimate the height of the microlenses.Results of experiments and simulations are in good agreement, indicating that a gain >10 can be achieved for this particular sensor. Abstract: Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) imagers typically have a relatively low fil factor, i.e. a low proportion of the pixel's surface is light sensitive, due to in-pixel circuitry. We present a microlens array fabricated on a 128x128 single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) imager to enhance its sensitivity. The benefit and limitations of these light concentrators are studied for low light imaging applications. We present a new simulation software that can be used to simulate microlenses' performance under different conditions and a new non-destructive contact-less method to estimate the height of the microlenses. Results of experiments and simulations are in good agreement, indicating that a gain >10 can be achieved for this particular sensor.

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Real-time fluorescence lifetime imaging system with a 32 × 32 013μm CMOS low dark-count single-photon avalanche diode array

Cited by 116 publications

References 23 publications

Fast bi-exponential fluorescence lifetime imaging analysis methods

Fast bi-exponential fluorescence lifetime imaging analysis methods

Beyond Range: Innovating Fluorescence Microscopy

Measurement and modeling of microlenses fabricated on single-photon avalanche diode arrays for fill factor recovery

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