“…This kind of method suffers from the inefficiency in seeking an equilibrium solution to the problem by iterations among trucks. In [29], the authors propose a Pareto-improving multi-fleet platoon coordination solution, where the fleet owners leave the coordination to local coordinators at hubs and each fleet owner is better off in the multi-fleet solution than by performing single-fleet platoon coordination. In [30], a three-layered approach for controlling individual vehicles is proposed, where the fleet management layer focuses on transport planning and routing while the cooperation layer deals with platoon coordination.…”