Real-Time Coordination and Routing in Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks

Abstract

Abstract. In Wireless Sensor Actor Networks (WSAN), sensor nodes perform the sensing task and actor nodes take action based on the sensed phenomena in the field. To ensure efficient and accurate operations of WSAN, new communication protocols are imperative to provide sensoractor coordination in order to achieve energy-efficient and reliable communication. Moreover, the protocols must honor the application-specific real-time delay bounds for the effectiveness of the actors in WSAN.In this paper, we propose a new real-time coordination and routing (RCR) framework for WSAN. It addresses the issues of coordination among sensors and actors and honors the delay bound for routing in distributed manner. RCR configures sensors to form hierarchical clusters and provides delay-constrained energy aware routing (DEAR) mechanism. It uses only cluster-heads to coordinate with sink/actors in order to save the precious energy resources. The DEAR algorithm integrates the forwardtracking and backtracking routing approaches to establish paths from source nodes to sink/actors. In the presence of the sink in WSAN, it implements the centralized version of DEAR (C-DEAR) to coordinate with the actors through the sink. In the absence of sink or ignoring its presence, there is a distributed DEAR (D-DEAR) to provide coordination among sensors and actors. Cluster-heads then select the path among multiple alternative paths to deliver the packets to the actors within the given delay bound in an efficient way. Simulation experiments prove that RCR achieves the goal to honor the realistic application-specific delay bound.

Intelligent actor mobility in wireless sensor and actor networks

“…Another research paper that deals with mobile actors proposes a real-time coordination and routing framework for sensor-actor coordination to achieve energy-efficient and reliable communication [9]. The sensor nodes in the network form clusters based on application parameters and elect a cluster-head, which is responsible for communicating with the actor node.…”

Formal analysis of subnet-based failure recovery algorithm in wireless sensor and actor and network

“…However, it only considers actors motion and less attention is given to the sensors motion. For sensor-actor coordination a real-time coordination and routing framework is proposed in (Shah et al 2006) for achieving reliable and energy efficient communication. In this framework, sensors form hierarchical clusters to save energy in which cluster heads communicate with actors.…”

SOFROP: Self-organizing and fair routing protocol for wireless networks with mobile sensors and stationary actors

“…The anycast communication paradigm by Hu et al [10] builds an anycast tree rooted at each event source to reduce latency and energy consumption. The realtime routing framework by Shah et al [11] addresses the coordination of sensor and actor nodes through the delay bound for distributed routing. Another protocol using delay as the main constraint is Ad Hoc On Demand Delay Constrained Distance Vector Routing (AOD 2 V) by Sama and Akkaya [12], where delay-EDD is used at admission control and EDF is used to determine the departure order of the packets at the intermediate nodes.…”