Real-Time 3-D Imaging Using an Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Phased-Array

Allevato, Gianni; Hinrichs, Jan; Rutsch, Matthias; Adler, Jan Philipp; Jager, Axel; Pesavento, Marius; Kupnik, Mario

doi:10.1109/tuffc.2020.3005292

Cited by 49 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In order to steer the sound beam to a given angle (α s , β s ), the time delay of the m-th transducer ∆t s,m is ∆t s,m = [x m sin(α s ) + y m sin(β s ) cos(α s )] /c+∆t w,m , (7) where (x m ,y m ) are the coordinates of the m-th transducer. The impact of the waveguide on the sound pressure field of the array was examined in previous work [41], [42].…”

Section: Transducer In the Ufm Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multipath Flow Metering of High-Velocity Gas Using Ultrasonic Phased-Arrays

Haugwitz

Hartmann

Allevato

et al. 2022

IEEE Open J. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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In this work we combine a multipath ultrasonic gas flow meter (UFM) with an ultrasonic air-coupled phasedarray. This allows complementing the advantages of a multipath UFM, i.e. higher accuracy and more robustness to irregular flow, with the extended velocity measuring range due to sound drift compensation via a phased-array. We created a 3D-printed flow meter consisting of an 8 × 8 λ/2 phased-array for transmission and 14 individual receivers for seven upstream and seven downstream sound paths. Measurements were conducted in a test rig with a maximum gas flow rates of 8.3 m 3 s −1 (107 m s −1 ). A differential pressure nozzle was used as reference sensor. Three configurations were compared: Parallel sound paths with a single transmitter; parallel sound paths with the phasedarray as transmitter; and fan-shaped sound paths with the phased-array as transmitter. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and deviation of measured flow were used as comparison criteria. In addition, we measured the optimum steering angles of the phased-array required to compensate the sound drift effect. Using the phased-array with the sound drift effect compensation enabled and disabled, the SNR increases by 10.6 dB and 4.95 dB, respectively, compared to the single transmitter setup at 83 m s −1 . Furthermore, the phased-array with compensation active, extends the velocity measuring range by 29%, from 83 m s −1 to 107 m s −1 , while maintaining a similar standard deviation of the flow measured. Besides demonstrating that a phased-array in a gas flow meter significantly extends the measurement range, our setup qualifies as versatile research platform for designing future high-velocity gas flow meters.

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Section: Transducer In the Ufm Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The data is sent to a PC via Ethernet. The electronics and the waveguide have been utilized for 3D imaging in [42], where they are described in more detail.…”

Section: Transducer In the Ufm Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multipath Flow Metering of High-Velocity Gas Using Ultrasonic Phased-Arrays

Haugwitz

Hartmann

Allevato

et al. 2022

IEEE Open J. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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“…In order to sample the entire Fourier half-space unambiguously, the center-to-center inter-element spacing must be less than half a wavelength [16], [44]. This requires k r a < 1.57.…”

Section: A Single Cell Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Intensity Airborne CMUT Transmitter Array With Beam Steering

Khan

Tasdelen

Yılmaz

et al. 2020

J. Microelectromech. Syst.

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A 2 × 2 high-intensity CMUT transmit array that is capable of two-dimensional beam steering is presented. The device uses an ac drive voltage at half the ultrasound frequency without any dc bias, enabling the usage of the entire gap height. The device is designed using a large signal equivalent model approach. A fabrication method that requires a single lithographic mask has been used. The fabricated devices are operated at 76 kHz to beam steer at various angles. An equivalent element pressure of 144 dB//20 µPa at the transducer surface was measured. The entire half-space can be steered without any sidelobes and the beam obtained from the array is in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions.

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“…Arrays of ultrasonic transducers can be used to increase angular resolution [ 17 , 18 ]. Figure 1 b shows how an array of ultrasonic transducers can achieve a higher angular resolution compared with a single transducer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occluded Grape Cluster Detection and Vine Canopy Visualisation Using an Ultrasonic Phased Array

Parr

Legg

Bradley³

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Grape yield estimation has traditionally been performed using manual techniques. However, these tend to be labour intensive and can be inaccurate. Computer vision techniques have therefore been developed for automated grape yield estimation. However, errors occur when grapes are occluded by leaves, other bunches, etc. Synthetic aperture radar has been investigated to allow imaging through leaves to detect occluded grapes. However, such equipment can be expensive. This paper investigates the potential for using ultrasound to image through leaves and identify occluded grapes. A highly directional low frequency ultrasonic array composed of ultrasonic air-coupled transducers and microphones is used to image grapes through leaves. A fan is used to help differentiate between ultrasonic reflections from grapes and leaves. Improved resolution and detail are achieved with chirp excitation waveforms and near-field focusing of the array. The overestimation in grape volume estimation using ultrasound reduced from 222% to 112% compared to the 3D scan obtained using photogrammetry or from 56% to 2.5% compared to a convex hull of this 3D scan. This also has the added benefit of producing more accurate canopy volume estimations which are important for common precision viticulture management processes such as variable rate applications.

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Real-Time 3-D Imaging Using an Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Phased-Array

Cited by 49 publications

References 39 publications

Multipath Flow Metering of High-Velocity Gas Using Ultrasonic Phased-Arrays

Multipath Flow Metering of High-Velocity Gas Using Ultrasonic Phased-Arrays

High-Intensity Airborne CMUT Transmitter Array With Beam Steering

Occluded Grape Cluster Detection and Vine Canopy Visualisation Using an Ultrasonic Phased Array

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